1: Intro to the human body Flashcards
Define Homeostasis
the process by which the body maintains a relatively stable internal environment
Structural hierarchy- chemical level
- atoms
- molecules
- macromolecules
Structural hierarchy- microscopic level
- organelles
- cells
Structural hierarchy-Macroscopic level
- Organs
- Organ systems
- Organisms
Endocrine system
Grands that secrete hormones (for metabolism, growth, and reproduction) that regulate bodily processes.
- pineal gland pituitary gland thymus pancreas overies/testies adrenal gland
Respiratory system
gas exchnage between internal and external environments
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- Larynx (L= lower the pharynx)
- Trachea
- lungs
- Bronchus
Digestive system
physical and chemical breakdown of food for absorption of nutrients into the blood.
- oral cavity
- esophagus
- liver
- stomach
- intestines
Reproductive system
production/storage of reproductive cells for offspring.
- mammary glands
- all male and female reproductive organs
Integumentary system
protection against external environment, temp regulation, vitamin d synthesis and cutaneous receptors
- skin
- hair
- nails
Muscular system
bodily movement, posture maintenance and heat production
- skeletal muscles
Nervous system
a fast control system which responds to both external and internal environmental changes via hormones and glands to maintain bodily function.
Cardiovascular system
circulation of blood and therefore transport of gases, nutrients, waste, hormones.
- capillaries
- arteries
- heart
- blood vessels
- veins
Lymphatic system
“Cleaning” of fluid leaks, debris and holds lymphocytes involved in immunity.
- redbone marrow
- thymus
- Thoracic duct
- spleen
- lymphatic vessels
- lymphatic nodules
Urinary system
filters nitrogenous waster from blood. Reduces water, electrolytes and acid-base balance
- kidneys
- ureter
- urinary bladder
- urethra (more letter= lower)
Skeletal system
support and protection
- bones
Describe intracellular fluid
ICF is fluid inside the cells
Describe extracellular fluid
ECF is fluid outside the cells
two types=
1= Intersitual fluid
2- plasma (in blood)
Fluid proportion in the body
Human body= 60% of body weight = 40L
ISF= 40% 25L
ECF=20% 15L
of ECF
ISF= 80%
ECF= 20%
A Solution is made up of
solute in a solvent
ECF and ICF= solution= solutes (O2, CO2, N, K) + solvents (H2O)
4 main elements in the body
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
makeup 96.1% of body mass
other less common elemets
phosphrous potassium sulfur sodium ect 16+
Molecules
2 or more/a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
Define a chemical reaction
2 or more atoms in a molecule chemically change into aa new molecule
List the three types of reactions
systhesis/anabolic
- smaller molecules bind to become larger
Decomposition/catabolic
- larger molecules break to become smaller
change/displacement
- chemical bonds are both formed and broken.
Define enzymes and what is their job
enzymes are proteins that have specific active sites which bind to specific substrates to become an enzyme-substrate complex.
Next, a reaction occurs and a product is released.
Describe features of organic molecules
- contain both C and H
- more complex
- typically insoluble in water
4 types of macromolecules
- carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
- Proteins
Describe the features if inorganic molecules
Do not contain both C and H
- more simple molecules
- typically water-soluble/disovable
ionic compounds
Define an electrolytes
substances that relase charged ions in water
inorganic molecule
Define and ion
atom, molecule w/ an overall electrical charge.
inorganic ion
Define an acid
Acids are substances that provide hydrogen ions (H+) and lower pH.
when acid eneters water it splits into its single atoms
acids always release H+
Define a Base
bases provide hydroxide ions (OH–) and raise pH.
when bases hits water it releases ions.
Bases always release ions that can bind H+ ions
Define salts and their impact in pH
The neutral ionic compound formed by chemical combination of acid and base, or through neutralization
- composed of sodium or chloride
a salt hits water ut releases ions.
A salt releases ions that have no effect on pH. No bind or release of H+
Explain pH
think the presence of hydrogen
- more presence of H+ ions means it is more acidic so they have a lover number
H+ is an ion and it throws things around so it makes stuff acidic.
a solution w/ a lower concentration of H+ are more basic/alkaline so they have a higher pH.
remember pH is an inverse relationship= less hydrogen ions= higher number on scale
What is regular blood pH
7.4
Normal blood plasma pH
and dangerous ranges
normal plasma= 7.35-7.45 pH
plasma pH< 7.35=acidosis
plasma pH> 7.45= alkalosis
cells and enzymes arent as happy and cant function as they should outside this homeostatic range
Define a macromolecule
a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
monomer= multiple molecules polymer= cain of monomers
Name the 4 main organic macromolecules
1- carbohydrates
2- lipids
3- Nucleic acids
Proteins
Explain the structure and function of carbohydrates
structure= built from simple sugar monomers (monosaccharides)
Function= provides energy for cellular function
e.g. glucose (a carb) that is converted into ATP for energy.
in this form, it was a glycogen polysaccharide
- found in breads, grains, fruit + veg
Explain the structure and function of Lipids
three types and their function
Structure= fatty acids and glycerole Function= different for each type 1. Trigylcerides - for long term energy store - thermal insulation - protection from mechanical trauma
- Phospholipids
- form bilayer in cell membranes
- made of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. - Steroids
- fat, 4 hydrocarbon rings
function= makes vitamin D, hormones, bile salts
found in animals and plants
Explain the structure and function of Nucleic acids
Structure= nucleotides
- all have a phosphate, ribose sugar, and a base
2 types of nucleic acids
- DNA
- most abundant nucleic acid
- carries genetic info, codes for genes - ATP
- 3 phosphates then one break off to create energy
Explain the structure and function of proteins
Structure= amino acids
amino acids-pepties-polllypeptides-proteins
Function= structural material
2 structural classes 1= Fibrous elongated nd standlike - stable STRUCTURAL proteins e.g. kertaine and collage
- Globular
compact and spherical
- chemically active FUNCTIONAL proteins
e.g. enzymes and hormones
Explain enzyme structure= function
shape of the active site means it can only function with the certain substrate.
When it denatures/loses structure it can no longer function.
Denature from pH or temp
Homeost control mechanism and steps
how we maintain homeostasis
stimulus= occurs when one variable moves outside normal range
receptor= detects stimulus (change of variable) e.g. thermoreceptor, baroreceptor (blood pressure)
afferent pathway
control center= decides how to respond ti stimulus
efferent pathway
effector= produces a response via gland or muscle
response
Negative feedback
returns the response back within normal range
e.g. temperature, blood glucose
Positive feedback
works until the variable is no longer being produced or exists.
Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly.
e.g. child birth
What are the components of blood
55% Plasma (water, plasma, protein small solutes)
<1% bufft coat (platelets, leukocytes/WBC)
45% erythrocytes/RBC
Define Heamotrocrite
% of the blood that us erythrocyte (RBC)
Explain erythrocytes structure and function
biconcave structure= - stackable/flexable - high SA:VO - no organelles= more space for gasses these all allow for more O2 to be carried
Hemoglobin (Hb) structure and function
structure= 4 chambers to carry more O2
the chemical properties od Hb facilitate for effective gas transport
Leukocytes structure and function
WBC
Function= defence
Structure= formed in bone marrow, only true WBC
macrophages and monocytes= phagocytosis
Lymphocytes= immunity/antibody production
Bloods role in maintaining homeostasis
1= districution (CO2 + O2, nutrients, hormones) 2= regulation (maintain intersitua fluid composition, pH buffer, body temp/vasodilation/constriction) 3= protection (infection control, prevent blood loss)
