Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR1112- Bioscience > 1: Intro to the human body > Flashcards

1: Intro to the human body Flashcards

1
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

the process by which the body maintains a relatively stable internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structural hierarchy- chemical level

A
  • atoms
  • molecules
  • macromolecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structural hierarchy- microscopic level

A
  • organelles

- cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structural hierarchy-Macroscopic level

A
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endocrine system

A

Grands that secrete hormones (for metabolism, growth, and reproduction) that regulate bodily processes.

- pineal gland 
pituitary gland 
thymus 
pancreas 
overies/testies 
adrenal gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Respiratory system

A

gas exchnage between internal and external environments

  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • Larynx (L= lower the pharynx)
  • Trachea
  • lungs
  • Bronchus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Digestive system

A

physical and chemical breakdown of food for absorption of nutrients into the blood.

  • oral cavity
  • esophagus
  • liver
  • stomach
  • intestines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reproductive system

A

production/storage of reproductive cells for offspring.

  • mammary glands
  • all male and female reproductive organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Integumentary system

A

protection against external environment, temp regulation, vitamin d synthesis and cutaneous receptors

  • skin
  • hair
  • nails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Muscular system

A

bodily movement, posture maintenance and heat production

  • skeletal muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nervous system

A

a fast control system which responds to both external and internal environmental changes via hormones and glands to maintain bodily function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

circulation of blood and therefore transport of gases, nutrients, waste, hormones.

  • capillaries
  • arteries
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • veins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Lymphatic system

A

“Cleaning” of fluid leaks, debris and holds lymphocytes involved in immunity.

  • redbone marrow
  • thymus
  • Thoracic duct
  • spleen
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic nodules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Urinary system

A

filters nitrogenous waster from blood. Reduces water, electrolytes and acid-base balance

  • kidneys
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra (more letter= lower)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Skeletal system

A

support and protection

  • bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe intracellular fluid

A

ICF is fluid inside the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe extracellular fluid

A

ECF is fluid outside the cells
two types=
1= Intersitual fluid
2- plasma (in blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fluid proportion in the body

A

Human body= 60% of body weight = 40L

ISF= 40% 25L
ECF=20% 15L

of ECF
ISF= 80%
ECF= 20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A Solution is made up of

A

solute in a solvent

ECF and ICF= solution= solutes (O2, CO2, N, K) + solvents (H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4 main elements in the body

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

makeup 96.1% of body mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

other less common elemets

A 
phosphrous 
potassium 
sulfur 
sodium 
ect 16+
22
Q

Molecules

A

2 or more/a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

23
Q

Define a chemical reaction

A

2 or more atoms in a molecule chemically change into aa new molecule

24
Q

List the three types of reactions

A

systhesis/anabolic
- smaller molecules bind to become larger
Decomposition/catabolic
- larger molecules break to become smaller
change/displacement
- chemical bonds are both formed and broken.

25
Q

Define enzymes and what is their job

A

enzymes are proteins that have specific active sites which bind to specific substrates to become an enzyme-substrate complex.

Next, a reaction occurs and a product is released.

26
Q

Describe features of organic molecules

A
  • contain both C and H
  • more complex
  • typically insoluble in water

4 types of macromolecules

  • carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic acids
  • Proteins
27
Q

Describe the features if inorganic molecules

A

Do not contain both C and H
- more simple molecules
- typically water-soluble/disovable
ionic compounds

28
Q

Define an electrolytes

A

substances that relase charged ions in water

inorganic molecule

29
Q

Define and ion

A

atom, molecule w/ an overall electrical charge.

inorganic ion

30
Q

Define an acid

A

Acids are substances that provide hydrogen ions (H+) and lower pH.

when acid eneters water it splits into its single atoms

acids always release H+

31
Q

Define a Base

A

bases provide hydroxide ions (OH–) and raise pH.

when bases hits water it releases ions.

Bases always release ions that can bind H+ ions

32
Q

Define salts and their impact in pH

A

The neutral ionic compound formed by chemical combination of acid and base, or through neutralization

  • composed of sodium or chloride

a salt hits water ut releases ions.

A salt releases ions that have no effect on pH. No bind or release of H+

33
Q

Explain pH

A

think the presence of hydrogen
- more presence of H+ ions means it is more acidic so they have a lover number

H+ is an ion and it throws things around so it makes stuff acidic.

a solution w/ a lower concentration of H+ are more basic/alkaline so they have a higher pH.

remember pH is an inverse relationship= less hydrogen ions= higher number on scale

34
Q

What is regular blood pH

A

7.4

35
Q

Normal blood plasma pH

and dangerous ranges

A

normal plasma= 7.35-7.45 pH
plasma pH< 7.35=acidosis
plasma pH> 7.45= alkalosis

cells and enzymes arent as happy and cant function as they should outside this homeostatic range

36
Q

Define a macromolecule

A

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

monomer= multiple molecules 
polymer= cain of monomers
37
Q

Name the 4 main organic macromolecules

A

1- carbohydrates
2- lipids
3- Nucleic acids
Proteins

38
Q

Explain the structure and function of carbohydrates

A

structure= built from simple sugar monomers (monosaccharides)

Function= provides energy for cellular function

e.g. glucose (a carb) that is converted into ATP for energy.
in this form, it was a glycogen polysaccharide

  • found in breads, grains, fruit + veg
39
Q

Explain the structure and function of Lipids

three types and their function

A 
Structure= fatty acids and glycerole 
Function= different for each type
1. Trigylcerides 
- for long term energy store 
- thermal insulation 
- protection from mechanical trauma
  1. Phospholipids
    - form bilayer in cell membranes
    - made of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
  2. Steroids
    - fat, 4 hydrocarbon rings
    function= makes vitamin D, hormones, bile salts

found in animals and plants

40
Q

Explain the structure and function of Nucleic acids

A

Structure= nucleotides
- all have a phosphate, ribose sugar, and a base

2 types of nucleic acids

  1. DNA
    - most abundant nucleic acid
    - carries genetic info, codes for genes
  2. ATP
    - 3 phosphates then one break off to create energy
41
Q

Explain the structure and function of proteins

A

Structure= amino acids
amino acids-pepties-polllypeptides-proteins

Function= structural material

2 structural classes 
1= Fibrous
elongated nd standlike
- stable STRUCTURAL proteins 
e.g. kertaine and collage
  1. Globular
    compact and spherical
    - chemically active FUNCTIONAL proteins
    e.g. enzymes and hormones
42
Q

Explain enzyme structure= function

A

shape of the active site means it can only function with the certain substrate.

When it denatures/loses structure it can no longer function.

Denature from pH or temp

43
Q

Homeost control mechanism and steps

A

how we maintain homeostasis

stimulus= occurs when one variable moves outside normal range

receptor= detects stimulus (change of variable) e.g. thermoreceptor, baroreceptor (blood pressure)

afferent pathway

control center= decides how to respond ti stimulus

efferent pathway

effector= produces a response via gland or muscle

response

44
Q

Negative feedback

A

returns the response back within normal range

e.g. temperature, blood glucose

45
Q

Positive feedback

A

works until the variable is no longer being produced or exists.

Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly.

e.g. child birth

46
Q

What are the components of blood

A

55% Plasma (water, plasma, protein small solutes)
<1% bufft coat (platelets, leukocytes/WBC)
45% erythrocytes/RBC

47
Q

Define Heamotrocrite

A

% of the blood that us erythrocyte (RBC)

48
Q

Explain erythrocytes structure and function

A 
biconcave structure=
- stackable/flexable 
- high SA:VO 
- no organelles= more space for gasses
these all allow for more O2 to be carried
49
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb) structure and function

A

structure= 4 chambers to carry more O2

the chemical properties od Hb facilitate for effective gas transport

50
Q

Leukocytes structure and function

A

WBC
Function= defence
Structure= formed in bone marrow, only true WBC

macrophages and monocytes= phagocytosis

Lymphocytes= immunity/antibody production

51
Q

Bloods role in maintaining homeostasis

A 
1= districution 
(CO2 + O2, nutrients, hormones)
2= regulation 
(maintain intersitua fluid composition, pH buffer, body temp/vasodilation/constriction)
3= protection 
(infection control, prevent blood loss)

NUR1112- Bioscience (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions