1 Intro to Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Aliphatic definition
Organic compounds containing C chains and branches- straight chains
Alicyclic/cyclic definition
Organic compounds containing C rings
Functional Group Definition
Atom/group of atoms responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule
Homologous series definition
Family of compounds with same functional group same general formula similar chemical properties differ by CH2 gradual change in physical properties
Isomer definition
each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.
Molecular formula and example
Formula that gives actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule e.g
C4H10
Empirical formula and example
Gives simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound e.g
C2H5
Structural formula and example
Shows how the atoms are joined together in a molecule e.g
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Displayed formula
Shows all bonds and atoms in a molecule
Skeletal formula and example
Uses lines to represent bonds- each ponit is C atom and H bonds to H atoms/ H atoms not shown unless part of functional group e.g alcohols. Other atoms e.g O, N, F, Cl, Br, I, S are shown
Rules for nomenclature
Funct. group indicated by suffix/prefix e.g chloroethane
Pos. of funct. group given by a number- counting from end that gives funct. group lowest number
Only include numbers if needed
When there are two or more of the same group e.g di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa- etc
If more than one funct. group, numbers separated by commas and groups listed in alphabetical order (ignoring any di,tri etc) e.g 3-bromo-1-chlorocbutane 2,2-dibromo-1-chlorobutane
Suffixes for alkenes can go in front of other suffixes e.g 2-chlorobut-3-enal
Do displayed, skeletal and name of (Alkane) CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH3
(Draw displayed/skeletal)
Name- 2-methylbutane
Do displayed, skeletal and name of (Haloalkanes) CH3CH2Br
(Draw displayed/skeletal)
Name- Bromoethane/ ethylbromide
Do displayed, skeletal and name of (Alkene)
CH3-CH(CH3)-C(CH3)=CH-CH3
(Draw displayed/skeletal)
Name- 2,3 dimethylpent-3-ene
What are nitriles?
Organic compounds that end with a carbon that is triple bonded to a nitrogen
End in nitrile
Amines
Organic compounds that contain NH2
End in amine
Carboxylic acids
Take highest priority when naming, have carboxyl group (COOH)C=O (C double bonded to one O)
I
O-H
End in oic acid
Ketones
Carbon double bonded to oxygen, not on either end C atom
End in one
Aldehydes
Has C=O on carbon 1 and that C is attached to a H. End in al
Alcohols
Have C attached to O-H
End in ol
What are structural isomers and what are they split into?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure
Chain isomerism- Carbon chain is different
Position isomerism- Functional group can be in diff positions on the carbon chain resulting in isomers
Functional group isomerism- Compounds with the same molecular formula that contain different functional groups
What are functional groups isomers of each other?
Aldehydes and ketones
Carboxylic acids and esters
Alkenes and cycloalkanes
Draw and name all the molecules with the formula C4H9Cl
1-chlorobutane,
2-chlorobutane,
1-chloro-2-methylpropane
2-chloro-2-methylpropane
What is the π bond? How are they formed?
There are two covalent bonds btw the two C atoms
1- Bond 1- σ covalent bond (e-s brw two C atoms)
2- Bond-2 π covalent bond (e-s can be anywhere in ‘bubble above or below) (below and above plane of the 6 central atoms- formed from overlap of p orbitals on C atoms)
Diff btw structural and steroisomerism- give examples
Structural isomers- molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
e.g Chain- diff carbon chain
Pos.- diff pos. of funct grp
Funct grp- diff funct grp
Stereoisomcrism- molecules have same struct and molecular formula but diff arrangement of atoms in space.
- E-Z isomerism- caused by molecs w/ C=C and diff grps attached to each C of C=C
- optical isomerism. - caused by C atoms having four diff grps attached leading to molecs that are non superimposable mirror images of each other
Everything about E-Z stereoisomerism- why it happens, rules etc
Happens bc CANNOT rotate around C=C or will break C=C bond(and overlap)
Same struct formula BUT arranged diff in space
Only in molecs where TWO DIFF GRPS attached to EACH C of C=C
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIG) Priority Rules
PRIORITY:
Higher the ATOMIC (proton) NUMBER of atoms attached to C=C , higher the priority
Highest priority (values) opposite = Entgegan (like trans)
Highest priority (values) together = Zusammen “zame zide” (like cis)
