1 Intro to Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Aliphatic definition

Answer 1

Organic compounds containing C chains and branches- straight chains

Question 2

Alicyclic/cyclic definition

Answer 2

Organic compounds containing C rings

Question 3

Functional Group Definition

Answer 3

Atom/group of atoms responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule

Question 4

Homologous series definition

Answer 4

Family of compounds with
same functional group
same general formula
similar chemical properties
differ by CH2
gradual change in physical properties

Question 5

Isomer definition

Answer 5

each of two or more compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the molecule and different properties.

Question 6

Molecular formula and example

Answer 6

Formula that gives actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule e.g

C4H10

Question 7

Empirical formula and example

Answer 7

Gives simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound e.g
C2H5

Question 8

Structural formula and example

Answer 8

Shows how the atoms are joined together in a molecule e.g

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

Question 9

Displayed formula

Answer 9

Shows all bonds and atoms in a molecule

Question 10

Skeletal formula and example

Answer 10

Uses lines to represent bonds- each ponit is C atom and H bonds to H atoms/ H atoms not shown unless part of functional group e.g alcohols. Other atoms e.g O, N, F, Cl, Br, I, S are shown

Question 11

Rules for nomenclature

Answer 11

Funct. group indicated by suffix/prefix e.g chloroethane

Pos. of funct. group given by a number- counting from end that gives funct. group lowest number

Only include numbers if needed

When there are two or more of the same group e.g di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa- etc

If more than one funct. group, numbers separated by commas and groups listed in alphabetical order (ignoring any di,tri etc) e.g 3-bromo-1-chlorocbutane 2,2-dibromo-1-chlorobutane

Suffixes for alkenes can go in front of other suffixes e.g 2-chlorobut-3-enal

Question 12

Do displayed, skeletal and name of (Alkane) CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH3

Answer 12

(Draw displayed/skeletal)

Name- 2-methylbutane

Question 13

Do displayed, skeletal and name of (Haloalkanes) CH3CH2Br

Answer 13

(Draw displayed/skeletal)

Name- Bromoethane/ ethylbromide

Question 14

Do displayed, skeletal and name of (Alkene)

CH3-CH(CH3)-C(CH3)=CH-CH3

Answer 14

(Draw displayed/skeletal)

Name- 2,3 dimethylpent-3-ene

Question 15

What are nitriles?

Answer 15

Organic compounds that end with a carbon that is triple bonded to a nitrogen
End in nitrile

Question 16

Amines

Answer 16

Organic compounds that contain NH2

End in amine

Question 17

Carboxylic acids

Answer 17

Take highest priority when naming, have carboxyl group (COOH)C=O (C double bonded to one O)
I
O-H
End in oic acid

Question 18

Ketones

Answer 18

Carbon double bonded to oxygen, not on either end C atom

End in one

Question 19

Aldehydes

Answer 19

Has C=O on carbon 1 and that C is attached to a H. End in al

Question 20

Alcohols

Answer 20

Have C attached to O-H

End in ol

Question 21

What are structural isomers and what are they split into?

Answer 21

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structure
Chain isomerism- Carbon chain is different

Position isomerism- Functional group can be in diff positions on the carbon chain resulting in isomers

Functional group isomerism- Compounds with the same molecular formula that contain different functional groups

Question 22

What are functional groups isomers of each other?

Answer 22

Aldehydes and ketones

Carboxylic acids and esters

Alkenes and cycloalkanes

Question 23

Draw and name all the molecules with the formula C4H9Cl

Answer 23

1-chlorobutane,

2-chlorobutane,

1-chloro-2-methylpropane

2-chloro-2-methylpropane

Question 24

What is the π bond? How are they formed?

Answer 24

There are two covalent bonds btw the two C atoms

1- Bond 1- σ covalent bond (e-s brw two C atoms)

2- Bond-2 π covalent bond (e-s can be anywhere in ‘bubble above or below) (below and above plane of the 6 central atoms- formed from overlap of p orbitals on C atoms)

Question 25

Diff btw structural and steroisomerism- give examples

Answer 25

Structural isomers- molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

e.g Chain- diff carbon chain

Pos.- diff pos. of funct grp

Funct grp- diff funct grp

Stereoisomcrism- molecules have same struct and molecular formula but diff arrangement of atoms in space.

• E-Z isomerism- caused by molecs w/ C=C and diff grps attached to each C of C=C
• optical isomerism. - caused by C atoms having four diff grps attached leading to molecs that are non superimposable mirror images of each other

Question 26

Everything about E-Z stereoisomerism- why it happens, rules etc

Answer 26

Happens bc CANNOT rotate around C=C or will break C=C bond(and overlap)

Same struct formula BUT arranged diff in space

Only in molecs where TWO DIFF GRPS attached to EACH C of C=C

Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIG) Priority Rules

PRIORITY:

Higher the ATOMIC (proton) NUMBER of atoms attached to C=C , higher the priority

Highest priority (values) opposite = Entgegan (like trans)

Highest priority (values) together = Zusammen “zame zide” (like cis)