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CVM 722- Immunology > 1- Intro to Immunology > Flashcards

1- Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define commensals

A

Colonize the body surfaces but do not invade the body and don’t normally cause disease

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2
Q

Define pathogen

A

organism that can cause disease

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3
Q

Define primary pathogen

A

cause disease every time it invades the body, even in small numbers

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4
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen

A

cause disease only when administered in high doses

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5
Q

Describe the basic pathway that innate immunity takes when microbial invasion occurs.

A
  • recognition of pathogens (PAMPs) and tissue damage (DAMPs)
  • inflammation
  • pathogen elimination
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6
Q

Describe the basic pathway that adaptive immunity takes when microbial invasion occurs.

A
  • Antigen capture and processing
  • T or B cell activation
  • immunologic memory and pathogen elimination
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7
Q

Describe the specific characteristics of innate defense

A
  • protects previously unexposed animal
  • immediate protection
  • not specific
  • activated by PAMPs and DAMPs
  • provide important signals for adaptive immune response
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8
Q

Describe the specific characteristics of adaptive defense

A
  • develops days to weeks after exposure
  • specific
  • memory
  • tolerance
  • enhance innate immune system response
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9
Q

What are the components (5) of innate defenses?

A

1) Physical/chemical barriers
2) Phagocytic and sentinel (guard) cells
3) Complement system
4) Innate defence cytokines
5) Natural killer (NK) cells

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10
Q

What are the components of adaptive defense?

A

1) Humoral immunity (antibodies)
2) Cell-mediated immunity

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11
Q

What are some types of physical/chemical barriers in innate immunity?

A
  • epithelial barriers (skin, mucus membrane)
  • Normal microflora
  • acid environment in stomach
  • antimicrobial peptides
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12
Q

Describe the role of phagocytic and sentinel cells in innate immune response

A

Phagocytic cells: ingest and kill pathogens (neutrophils and macrophages)

Sentinel cells: resident tissue cells that detect invasion by recognizing PAMPs and DAMPs (Dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, mast cells)

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13
Q

Describe the complement system in the innate immune response.

A
  • an enzyme cascade system that has antimicrobial activity
  • series of 20-30 proteins in blood plasma
  • rapidly induced
  • multiple mechanisms for controlling infection
  • potent; harmful if not regulated
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14
Q

What are innate defense cytokines?

A

Protein messenger molecules that can act on other cells or the cell that produced it

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15
Q

What is the role of proinflammatory cytokines?

A

secreted by sentinel cells in response to PAMPs and DAMPs, cause fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite

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16
Q

What is the role of chemokines?

A

Cause cells to migrate to sites of infection, some are produced by sentinel cells

17
Q

What is the role of interferons?

A

Interferes with replication of some viruses, produced by virally infected cells

18
Q

What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Look for the absence of normal in the body
- lymphocyte that is part of innate immunity
- Kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells
- recognize and kill cells that do not express normal proteins

19
Q

What is the role of Humoral immunity in adaptive defense?

A
  • B cells or B lymphocytes produce antibodies
  • Antibody= immunoglobulin= Ig
  • examples: IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE
20
Q

What is the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in adaptive defense?

A

Two major classes of T cells bases on T- cell receptors
- Alpha-Beta T cells
- Gamma Delta T cells

21
Q

Adaptive defense has antigen recognition. What does this mean?

A
  • antigen processing cells (APCs)
  • APCs- Dendridic cells, macrophages, B-cells
  • different from recognition by innate cells
22
Q

Adaptive defense has immunologic memory. What does this mean?

A

When the body is exposed to a pathogen for the first time, it will have a sluggish response but, if the body recovers and is exposed to the pathogen a second time, the immune response will be more immediate and larger

23
Q

Adaptive defense has tolerance. What does this mean?

A
  • protecting ‘self’ from immune system
  • can develop against ‘non-self’ antigens too, under certain circumstances

CVM 722- Immunology (26 decks)

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