1 - INTRO TO IMMUNOLOGY

Question 1

Compare primary and secondary responses

Answer 1

Primary response: low aby concentration upon initial exposure to antigen and takes time to develop

Secondary response: high abt concentration of antibodies at second exposure and rapidly develops

Question 2

Antibodies

Answer 2

Y shaped protein
Identifies and neutralised foreign material
Recognises an antigen via an epitope
Able to discriminate between different molecular entities

Question 3

Haematopoiesis process

Answer 3

Differentiation where specialised cells develop from a common pluripotent bone marrow stem cell

Question 4

Cells that differentiate in the bone marrow

Answer 4

Neutrophils
Eosinophil 
Basophil
Platelet
Erythrocytes
Monocytes
T cell and B cell precursor

Question 5

Where are IgG and IgM antibodies found

Answer 5

Mature B cells

Question 6

What does a monocyte differentiate into from the bone marrow into the blood?

Answer 6

Macrophage or dendritic cell in tissues

Question 7

What does a basophil become as in enters the tissue

Answer 7

A mast cell

Question 8

Define diapedesis

Answer 8

Movement of WBCs through capillaries

Question 9

Define chemotaxis

Answer 9

Signalled movement along with amoeboid motion for movement through tissue spaces

Question 10

Describe the mechanism of neutrophils

Answer 10

Exits the blood and becomes phagocytic - ingesting bacteria and foreign particles

Produces peroxide and superoxide radicles: toxic to micro-organisms

First cells in inflammatory response

Question 11

Describe the mechanism of eosinophils

Answer 11

Releases enzymes to digest parasitic worms
Role in allergies and asthma
Role in modulating immune response

Question 12

Describe the mechanism of basophils

Answer 12

Contains histamine - an inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodialator to attract WBCs to inflamed area

Question 13

Describe the mechanism of monocytes

Answer 13

Leaves circulation and enters tissue to differentiate into macrophages
Active phagocytic cells against viruses, intracellular parasites and chronic infections
Activates lymphocytes to mount an immune response via antigen presentation

Question 14

List where each cell is differentiated:

Osteoclasts
Kupffer Cells 
Alveolar macrophages 
Spleenic macrophages 
Peritoneal macrophages 
Microglial cells

Answer 14

Osteoclasts - bones
Kupffer Cells - Live
Alveolar macrophages - Lung 
Spleenic macrophages - Spleen
Peritoneal macrophages - Peritoneal fluid
Microglial cells - CNS

Question 15

What are the components of the reticuloendothelial system (RES)

Answer 15

Osteoclasts
Kupffer Cells 
Alveolar macrophages 
Spleenic macrophages 
Peritoneal macrophages 
Microglial cells

Question 16

What are the main functions of the RES

Answer 16

Phagocytose microbes in the blood

Destruction of aged/flawed cells

Question 17

Describe the function of dendritic cells

Answer 17

Phagocytose pathogens

An APC: Enter lymphatics to present antigens to T cells in lymph nodes

Question 18

How can effective immunity be achieved against pathogens

Answer 18

Varies between types of microbes

1. For unbiquitous proteins
   - Are opportunistic and will only cause an infection with a lowered host immune system, thus develop a healthy immune system
2. For Viruses
   - Viruses require mammalian cells to multiply, killing of the cells infected with the virus can achieve effective immunity
3. For extracellular bacteria
   - Complex immune mechanisms must occur: antibody recognition, phagocytosis