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BDS2 HHD - Immunology > 1. Intro To Immunlogy > Flashcards

1. Intro To Immunlogy Flashcards

1
Q

LOs

A
  • Provide a historical perspective of immunology
  • Define the term “immune system” and “immunity”
  • Describe in outline the cells of the immune system
  • Describe where immunity is induced
  • Describe the immune strategies of the host
  • Distinguish between innate and adaptive immunity
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2
Q

what is the immune system?

A
  • Vast communication network of cells +
    chemical signals distributed in blood +
    tissues throughout the human body
  • regulates normal growth and development of
    the organism while protecting against disease
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3
Q

cells of the immune system

A
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4
Q

Where is the immune system?

A
  • lymphatic system (specific areas)
  • all cells made in bone marrow
  • B cells go to secondary lymphoid organs
  • T cells go to thymus
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5
Q

where is the immune response generated?

A
  • secondary lymphoid organs + tissues
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6
Q

what is immunity?

A
  • Condition/process in humans that permits
    innate and acquired resistance to disease
  • host needs to recognise non-self (microbes) components & eliminate them
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7
Q

Requirements for effective immune system?

A
  1. Must recognise wide range of infectious
    microorganisms including “new” ones
  2. Defend against both intracellular and
    extracellular pathogens (tolerate commensals)
  3. Prevent or limit damage to self
  4. Respond quickly
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8
Q

Routes of Exposure to Infectious Microbes?

A

infections are often specific

SKIN
~ External surfaces (athlete’s foot – fungus)
~ Insect bites (malaria, Lyme)
~ Trauma (tetanus)

MUCOSAL MEMBRANES
~ Inhalation (tuberculosis)
~Gastrointestinal tract (hepatitis A)
~Reproductive tract (HIV, syphilis)

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9
Q

2 main types of immunity

A
  1. INNATE IMMUNITY
    ~ Non-specific
    ~ Immediate
  2. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
    ~ Specific
    ~ Delayed
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10
Q

How does an infection evolve?

A
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11
Q

Innate Immunity: Epithelial barriers

hint
- mechanical
- chem
- microbiological

A

MORE EGs

  • 1L/ day mucus
  • mechanical washing expulsion (coughing/ sneeze)
  • AMP-defensins, histatins, cathelicidin
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12
Q

Innate Immunity: Complement activation pathways?

A
  1. classical pathway
  2. MB-lectin pathway
  3. alternative pathway
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13
Q

what do phagocytic cells do? (innate immunity)

A

Cells that “consume/eat” their enemy

programmed to recognise, eat, destroy

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14
Q

phagocytic cells EGs

A

14 amin ones BUT these most important

  • monocytes (in blood)
  • neutrophils (in blood) (IMPORTANT)
  • macrophages (in tissue) (IMPORTANT)
  • dendritic cells (in tissues and blood)
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15
Q

process of phagocytosis?

A
  1. RECRUITED to site of infection: chemokines (compliment)
  2. BINDS microbe - pattern recognition, opsonisation (C’/Ab)
  3. INTERNALISES microbe (phagocytosis) - phagosome
  4. fusion of phagosome with lysosome - phagolysosome
  5. killing of microbe : nitrogen oxides, oxygen products
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16
Q

innate immunity key points

A
  • physical barrier (eg epithelium)
  • natural humoral components (eg antimicrobial etc) (in solution eg blood)
  • recruitment + activation of phagocytic cells (pattern recognition receptors)
  • activation of adaptive immunity (T+B cells)
17
Q

what bridges innate and adaptive immunity

A

Phagocytic cell – dendritic cell (antigen presenting cell)

  • Present in blood and tissues
  • Capture microbe
  • To lymph node to induce ADAPTIVE immunity
18
Q

what is a dendritic cell?

A

Antigen presenting cells

19
Q

MAKE QS

A
  • Microbes are digested into small peptide fragments (processing)
  • Antigen are presented on (presentation):
    ~ MHC class I molecules (internal pathogens,
    viral) or
    ~ MHC class II molecules (external pathogens,
    bacteria)
  • MHC/peptide complex taken to surface and presented to T cells:
    ~ MHC class I - CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T cells)
    ~ MHC class II - CD4+ T cells (T helper cells)
20
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

  1. mediated by?
  2. main cells involved
  3. what do the main cells involved do?
A
  • restricted to vertebrates

1
lymphocytes

2
* T cells – helper and cytotoxic
* B cells - antibody

3
- T and B cells generate an immunologic response that specifically targets that pathogen and generates memory for future protection

21
Q

lymph node structure (need to know???)

A
22
Q

T LYMPHOCYTES

  1. 2 main types?
  2. mechanism of Tc killing
  3. what happens after CD4+ Th cell activation?
A

1
- CD4+ T cells (T helper cells: Th)
- CD8+ T cells (T cytotoxic cells: Tc)

2
- cytotoxic T cell recognises complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills infected cell

3
1. proliferation
2. differentiation into effectors
3. effector functions

23
Q

Antibody (IgG) structure

A
  • Antibody or Immunoglobulin (different flavours)
  • Y-shaped protein molecule (Fc and Fab)
  • Neutralise unwanted invaders
24
Q

Timeline of adaptive immune response

A
25
Q

Summary

  1. Innate Immunity
  2. Adaptive Immunity
  3. Signalling molecules
A
  1. INNATE IMMUNITY
  • Physical barrier (skin, epithelium)
  • Rapid response
  • Minimal specificity
  • Humoral components
    (antimicrobial peptides, complement)
  • Pathogen recognition
  • Phagocytosis
  • Activation of adaptive immunity
  1. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
    * Mediated by T and B cells
    * Long term response
    * Highly specific
    * Memory (fast second response)
  2. SIGNALLING MOLECULES
    * Chemokines
    * Cytokines

BDS2 HHD - Immunology (7 decks)

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