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HDID 1 > 1. Intro to Immune Syst > Flashcards

1. Intro to Immune Syst Flashcards

1
Q

cells of the immune system in humans are produced form what?

A

stem cells present in the bone

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2
Q

Inside the bone, there are _______ that secrete molecules to permit modulation of the cells produced from the hematopoetic stem cells.

A

osteoclasts, blood vessels, and stromal cells

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3
Q

what cells give rise to all of the cells of the immune system?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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4
Q

the hematopoetic stem cells after division can produce plutipotent (multipotential) cells that can give rise to what two lineages?

A

myeloid or lymphoid

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5
Q

what cells come from the lymphoid progenitor cells?

A

NK cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes

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6
Q

what cells come from the myeloid progenitor cells?

A

RBCs, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, platelets, macrophages/monocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells

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7
Q

what do hematopoietic stem cells divide into?

A

self renewing cell and mature cell (differentiated)

asymmetric after division

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8
Q

granules in both eosinophils and basophils are _____ in nature.

A

pro-inflammatory

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9
Q

basophils vs eosinophils re: infection type

A

basophils: immediate response (allergens)
eosinophils: parasitic infections

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10
Q

what are PMNs?

A

neutrophils

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11
Q

what do neutrophils do?

A

phagocytize

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12
Q

what are the communication cells between the myeloid lineage and lymphoid lineage?

A

dendritic cells

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13
Q

name the macrophage of these specific tissues:

  1. CNS
  2. liver
  3. lung
  4. bone
A
  1. microglial cells
  2. kupffer cells
  3. alveolar macrophages
  4. osteoclasts
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14
Q

B cells vs T cells - which secretes Abs?

A

B cells

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15
Q

what do helper T cells secrete?

A

cytokines

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16
Q

T cells secrete cytokines through the function of what?

A

receptors (need a receptor for a cytokine to work)

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17
Q

what are PRRs?

A

pattern recognition receptors

part of the innate immune system and what recognize microbes

multiple types:

  • surface TLRs (sense cell wall characteristics like bacterial cell wall molecules, flagellin, etc)
  • Endosomal TLRs (sense microbial nucleic acids/RNA in endosomes in an infected cell)
  • cytoplasmic sensors (send bacterial peptidoglycans)
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18
Q

what do PRRs recognize?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)

Danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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19
Q

the result of a cell of the innate immune system recognizing a microbe is what?

A

production of IL-1, an activator of inflammation

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20
Q

____ is synthesized an expressed on endothelial surfaces so that neutrophils and monocytes can enter the interstitium.

A

e-selectin

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21
Q

what needs to be present for neutrophils and monocytes to enter the tissue via e-selectin?

A

IL1 and TNF

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22
Q

if the infection is not cleared by innate immune system, what triggers the adaptive response?

A

dendritic cells

23
Q

dendritic cells bind microbes via receptors, and internalize and process peptides. the peptides are then expressed with what?

A

MHC (MHC class II) and the cell beocmes an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

24
Q

in the presence of _____, APCs lose their adhesiveness (no longer stuck in epithelium) and begin to migrate.

A

IL-1 and TNF

25
Q

migrating dendritic cells also increase expression of CCR7, which does what?

A

causes trafficking to the nearest lymph node

26
Q

what happens to APCs as they travel to the nearest lymph node?

A

activation (upregulate molecs = COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES important in activating other cells once they get to the lymph node)

27
Q

where in the lymph node do APCs first go?

A

T-cell zone

28
Q

what do T cells need to be activated?

A

binding of APC AND costimulator molecules (B7 on APC binds CD28 on T cell)

29
Q

How do T and B cells generate diversity?

A

gene rearrangement

V, D, J genes to make heavy chain

V and J for light chain

30
Q

how do you differentiate between immune cells?

A

surface markers and Ab stains

31
Q

what marker do all T cells have?

A

CD3+

32
Q

what marker do all B cells have?

A

MHC II, CD19

33
Q

what marker do all NK cells have?

A

Fc

34
Q

which cells neutralize microbes, phagocytize, and activate complement?

A

B cells

35
Q

what cells active macrophages, cause inflammation, and activate (proliferate and differentiate) T and B cells?

A

helper T cells

36
Q

what do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

kill infected cells

37
Q

what do regulatory T cells do?

A

suppress immune response

38
Q

what do NK cells do?

A

kill infected cells

39
Q

What do Th1 cells do?

A

make cytokines to help macrophages and CD8 responders

40
Q

what do Th2 cells do?

A

make Abs to facilitate neutralization and stimulate other cells

41
Q

what do Th17 cells do?

A

activate acute inflammation

42
Q

what causes differentiation of CD4+ cells?

A

microenvironment at time of differentiation

43
Q

how do we keep from responding to ourselves (re:immune response)?

A

tolerance

central: thymus/bone
- apoptosis
- change in receptors (receptor editing in B cells)
- Development of regulatory T lymphocytes (helper T cells only)

peripheral:

  • anergy
  • apoptosis
  • suppression
44
Q

what are the two major categories of malfunction of innate immunity?

A

innate immunity cells don’t work

or can have perfect cells that can’t get to the site of action (chemokin attractants not working properly)

45
Q

are innate or adaptive immunity receptor specificity inherited in the genome?

A

innate only

46
Q

are innate or adaptive immunity receptors expressed by all cells of a particular type (eg macrophages)?

A

innate

47
Q

do innate or adaptive immunity receptors trigger immediate response?

A

innate

48
Q

do innate or adaptive immunity receptors recognize broad classes of pathogen?

A

innate

49
Q

do innate or adaptive immunity receptors interact witha range of molecular structures of a given type?

A

innate

50
Q

are innate or adaptive immunity receptors encoded in multiple gene segments?

A

adaptive

51
Q

do innate or adaptive immunity receptors require gene rearrangement?

A

adaptive

52
Q

are innate or adaptive immunity receptors clonally distributed?

A

adaptive

53
Q

are innate or adaptive immunity receptors able to discriminate between even closely related molecular structures?

A

adaptive

HDID 1 (24 decks)

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