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Hematology > 1: Intro to Hematology & Formed Elements > Flashcards

1: Intro to Hematology & Formed Elements Flashcards

0
Q

What is the blood composition made up of?

A

55% plasma

45% RBCs
<1% Leukocytes & Platelets (BUFFY COAT)
***These two make up the formed elements

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1
Q

What are the basic functions of blood?

A

1) Major “transportation medium”–> Blood permeates all organs and tissues
2) Homeostasis–>The quantity of EVERYTHING in the blood is regulated in some fashion
3) Buffering
4) Temperature regulation

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2
Q

What is Plasma made up of?

A

7 % proteins
91% water
2% other solutes

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3
Q

How what is the breakdown for Proteins in the plasma and other solutes?

A

Protein:
Albumin 58%
Globulins 38%
Fibrinogen 4%

Other solutes:
Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substance = 2%

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4
Q

What can blood be divided into?

A

1) Formed Elements

2) Plasma

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5
Q

What are the formed elements?

A

1) RBCs
2) WBC (leukocytes)
3) Platelets (thrombocytes)

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6
Q

What is the break down for the formed elements?

A

Platelets = 250-400 thousand

Leukocytes= 5-9 thousand

Erythrocytes= 4.2-5.8 million

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7
Q

What is the breakdown for the Leukocytes in the blood?

A 
Neutrophils=  60-70%
Lymphocytes= 20-25%
Monocytes= 3-8%
Eosinophils= 2-4 % 
Basophils= 0.5-1%
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8
Q

What percentage by weight makes up the blood in the human body?

A

8% and other fluids & tissues 92%

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9
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

1) H20
2) Solutes
3) Plasma proteins

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10
Q

What is serum?

A

Is plasma MINUS its clotting factors

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11
Q

What makes up the solutes in the plasma?

A

1) Electrolytes
2) Nutrients
3) Wastes
4) Hormones
5) Vitamins
6) Buffers
7) Gases

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12
Q

What is the volume of Blood in a Female vs Male?

A

Female: 4-5 L
Male: 5-6 L

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13
Q

What is the mean temperature, pH, viscosity, osmolarity, and salinity ?

A 
temperature: 100.4 (F)
pH: 7.35- 7.45
viscosity: Whole blood = 4.5-5.5; Plasma=2.0 
osmolarity: 280-296 mOsm/L
salinity: 0.9%
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14
Q

What is the Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, Mean RBC Count, Platelet Count, and Total WBC Count in Blood?

A

Hematocrit: F= 37-48% M= 45-52%
Hemoglobin: F= 12-16 g/dL M= 13-18 g/dL
Mean RBC Count: F= 4.2- 5.4 million/microL M= 4.6-6.2 mill/microL
Platelet Count: 130,000-360,000/microL
Total WBC Count: 5,000-10,000/microL

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15
Q

What are the changes in Hematocrit?

A

1) Normal
2) Anemia (low hematocrit)
3) Polycythemia (high hematocrit)

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16
Q

What is a blood film or peripheral blood smear? What is it used for?

A

-A thin layer of blood smeared on a microscope slide & stained to allow Blood cells to me examined.

  • Used as a follow-up test to abnormal results on a CBC. May diagnose/ monitor conditions that affect blood cells.
  • **Must be examined by a trained eye for best evaluation
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17
Q

How do you prepare a blood smear?

A

1) Approach- Drop of blood
2) Adhesion
3) Advancement

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Red Blood Cells?

A
  • Mature RBC’s LACK A NUCLEUS
  • Rarely clump or form rows
  • More or less evenly spaced and occasionally form groups of maybe 2-3 cells
  • Biconcave shape (their center will look lighter than their periphery)
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19
Q

What are the principals functions of RBCs?

A

1) Solubilize
2) Exchange and carry gases
3) Buffering

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20
Q

What is the importance of a biconcave shape?

A

Increases surface area

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21
Q

What are Platelets?

A

NOT cells, but rather FRAGMENTS of megakaryocytes that break off in the bone marrow before entering the peripheral blood

22
Q

What are the main functions of Platelets?

A

Formation of platelet plugs, which slow down or stop bleeding (depending of severity)

23
Q

How do WBCs appear under microscope?

A

***Depends somewhat on how the stain turned out

-Some nuclei are dark and crisp and cytoplasm is well demarcated and others are less defined.

24
Q

What are some characteristics of Neutrophils?

A

1) 3-5 Lobes connected by thin strands of chromatin
(Very characteristic nucleus )
2) EASIEST to FIND (most frequent WBC.. 60-70%)
3) Complex shape of nucleus identifies them unequivocally
4) In dark stains very small granules are be seen in the cytoplasm

25
Q

What is the function of Neutrophils?

A

Primary defense against Bacteria and Fungi (Large numbers invade sites of infection in response to factors released by cells which reside at an infection site)

26
Q

What is the pathway for Neutrophils & Phagocytosis ?

A

1) Microbe adheres to phagocyte
2) Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particle
3) Phagocytic vesicle is fused w/ a lysosome phagolysosome
4) Microbe in fused vesicle is killed & digested within phagolysosome leaving a residual body
5) Indigestible & residual material is removed by exocytosis

27
Q

How many lobes do Eosinophils have?

A

ONLY 2 lobes

28
Q

What are some characteristics of Eosinophils?

A
  • Cytoplasm is filled with granules

- Eosinophil = granules stain red or pink when eosin dye is used

29
Q

What is the main function of Eosinophils?

A

Defense against parasitic infections

30
Q

How many lobes do Basophils contain?

A

Nucleus has 2-3 lobes

31
Q

What shape does the Basophil have?

A

Nucleus appears S shaped

-Not as well defined as Neuts or Eosinophils

32
Q

Do Basophils also have granules explain?

A

Yes, usually stain deepish bluish or reddish-violet, but they are not as numerous as those in eosinophils.

33
Q

How do Eosinophils and Basophils compare?

A

Eosinophils & basophils are the only cell types present in normal blood which initially may be difficult to distinguish in dark smears!

34
Q

What is the function of Basophils?

A

-Mediate inflammatory reactions, those that causes allergy symptoms!!

35
Q

What do Basophils become?

A

MAST CELLS after migrating to TISSUES

36
Q

What do Basophil & mast cell granules store?

A

Lots of HISTAMINE, which causes some symptoms of an allergic reaction.

37
Q

What shape does a Monocytes nucleus have?

A
  • “Textbook” shape = C-shaped or kidney shaped nucleus!!!

- The nucleus is NOT LOBED & NOT ROUND.

38
Q

Describe the nucleus of a Monocyte under a microscope

A
  • The C-shaped nucleus may not be easy to find.

- Nuclei will vary form a peanut-to a “fat” S- shaped smears

39
Q

What is the light areas of the Monocyte indicate?

A
  • Often visible close to the concave surface of the nucleus, which is not visible close to the concave surface.
  • A large Golgi Apparatus is located in the area
40
Q

Does the Golgi apparatus stain well in the Monocyte?Explain

A

No does not stain well as the remainder of the cytoplasm and leaves a light “impression”-

41
Q

What is a “negative image” ?

A

-The phenomenon where the Golgi does not stain well for the monocyte and the remainder of the cytoplasm & leaves a light “impression”

42
Q

What are Monocytes?

A

They become Macrophages when the migrate to TISSUE

43
Q

What is the main role of a Monocyte?

A

To kill intracellular microorganisms (certain bacteria, fungi) similar to Neuts ( i.e. phagocytosis)

44
Q

What are characteristics of Lymphocytes?

A

Generally the smallest of all the WBCs

  • Tad larger than RBCs
  • ROUND NUCLEUS & very little Cytoplams
45
Q

How do the small and large Lymphocytes appear in the blood??

A
  • The Small lymphocytes may appear to fill the entire cell
  • The Large have a wider rim of cytoplasm which surround the nucleus.

***Very FEW, if any granules.

46
Q

What are the two main types of lymphocytes ?

A

B and T lymphocytes (indistinguishable microscopically)

47
Q

What is the function of T and B cells?

A
  • To identify “non-self” antigens

- Generate specific responses tailored to eliminate the pathogens containing the antigens or pathogen infected cells

48
Q

How do B cells respond to pathogens ?

A

By producing large quantities of ANTIBODIES which then attach bacteria and viruses.

49
Q

How do some T cells respond to pathogens?

A

In response to pathogens T cells called, T HELPER CELLS (CD4+) CELLS, produce chemicals that direct the immune response while other T cells, called CYTOTOXIC CELLS or CD8+ CELLS, produce ENZYMES which induce the death of pathogens infected cells.

50
Q

What follows activation of B and T lymphocytes?

A

B and T cells have memory “remember” the antigens they have encountered. Throughout the lifetime of an individual will remember each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong & rapid response if the pathogens is detected again.

51
Q

What are the Third Type of Lymphocyte?

A

The NK cells (natural killer cells), play a major role in the rejection of tumors & cells infected by viruses.

52
Q

How do NK cells kill cells?

A

They release small cytoplasmic granules of proteins called “PERFORIN” and “GRANZYME” that cause the target cell to die.

-Necrosis and Apoptosis may follow

Hematology (8 decks)

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