1 - Intro to CV and R systems

Question 1

Where does the superior vena cava receive deoxygenated blood from?

Answer 1

upper region (head, arms etc.)

Question 2

Where does the inferior vena cava receive deoxygenated blood from?

Answer 2

lower region of body

Question 3

What’s another name for the larynx?

Answer 3

voice box

Question 4

What do problems with right atrium cause?

Answer 4

lung problems as it’s important in pulmonary circulation

Question 5

structure of artery (from lumen out)

Answer 5

lumen, tunica intima (endothelium), tunica media (smooth muscle) and tunica adventitia (externa)

Question 6

Differences between veins and arteries

Answer 6

veins have a smaller tunica media (less smooth muscle) and a wider lumen, also has valves preventing backflow

Question 7

what are smooth muscle cells responsible for?

Answer 7

contract/relax to modify lumen diameter and therefore blood flow through vessel

Question 8

what is smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels controlled by

Answer 8

nerve supply and endogenous substances secreted from endothelium

Question 9

Systemic circulation

Answer 9

blood travels from LV via arteries to capillaries in tissues of body and back to heart via veins

Question 10

Vascular structure of artery (from lumen out)

Answer 10

lumen, endothelium layer (tunica intima), tunica media (smooth muscle), tunica externa/adventitia

Question 11

How are smooth muscle cells found in blood vessels controlled?

Answer 11

nerve supply, endogenous substances released from endothelium

Question 12

What do endothelial cells secrete and why?

Answer 12

mediators that inhibit platelet activation preventing inadvertent thrombus formation

Question 13

how is blood pressure calculated?

Answer 13

BP= CO x SV

Question 14

Why does the baroreceptor reflex happen?

Answer 14

to maintain stable BP and homeostasis in body

Question 15

What do baroreceptors respond to?

Answer 15

changes in pressure, they are stretch receptors (increased BP stretches artery walls which causes BRs to fire higher rate of action potentials towards NTS of brainstem

Question 16

Where are baroreceptors located?

Answer 16

aortic arch, carotid sinus. Others located in systemic veins, pulmonary vessels and walls of the heart.

Question 17

How long does baroreceptor control of BP last?

Answer 17

short term, if BP is continuously high/low BPs will eventually except these as the new norm

Question 18

Cardiac Hypertrophy

Answer 18

an irreversible increase in size of muscle of heart (myocytes) not because of new cells, but cells are bigger as they contain more structural proteins and organelles

Question 19

Causes of Cardiac Hypertrophy

Answer 19

hypertension (see written notes for reason why), aortic stenosis, CVD

Question 20

What do ACE Inhibitors/Beta blockers do and what are 2 examples?

Answer 20

reduce BP by targeting receptors or mechanisms that modulate BP. Captopril (ACE inhib) and Propranolol (Beta blocker)

Question 21

What is captopril?

Answer 21

Ace inhibitor

Question 22

What is propranolol ?

Answer 22

Beta blocker

Question 23

What is oedema

Answer 23

problem with fluid retention, symptom of advanced heart disease. Can be caused by high BP as increased pressure forces fluid out of blood vessels into surrounding tissue.

Question 24

Drug given for oedema?

Answer 24

furosemide

Question 25

Angiotensin II

Answer 25

most important vasoconstrictor

Question 26

Where does gas exchange happen/not happen in lungs?

Answer 26

respiratory (gas exchange), conducting zone (no gas exchange)

Question 27

4 stages of respiration

Answer 27

air inspired and expired from lungs, exchange of O2 and CO2 between air in lungs and blood in capillaries, transport of O2 and CO2 by blood via Pulmonary and systemic circulation, tissue/cellular use of O2 and CO2 production.

Question 28

What makes breathing easy?

Answer 28

compliance/elasticity of lung tissue, surfactants, pleural membranes

Question 29

What parts of the brain control involuntary breathing? (pretty vague)

Answer 29

lower levels

Question 30

What do chemoreceptors do and how do they effect breathing?

Answer 30

they detect changes in arterial O2 levels and send out sensory inputs to help control breathing rhythm

Question 31

Neuronal control of breathing

Answer 31

respiratory muscle is excited (diaphragm and intercostal muscles) by motor neurons. This is controlled by neurons in the medulla (Medulla Respiratory Centre)

Question 32

Administration routes for respiratory system

Answer 32

oral (simple linctus), inhalation, aerosols, IV/Intramuscular, nasal spray

Question 33

3 main respiratory disorders

Answer 33

asthma, bronchitis, COPD