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IMMN2001 > 1. Infection and Immunity > Flashcards

1. Infection and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Define the immune system

A

System of cells/molecules designed to fight infection

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2
Q

What 5 things may be infectious agents?

A

Worms, protozoa, fungi, bacteria, viruses

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3
Q

What are commensal bacteria and how are they beneficial to humans?

A

Good bacteria, take up nutrients and space that pathogens would otherwise occupy

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4
Q

What are the two types of immune response?

A

Innate and adaptive/acquired

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5
Q

What is the Innate Immune response specificity? Does the strength of the response vary?

A

Broadly specific, only recognises structures shared by many different pathogens, the strength/way of immune response does not vary

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6
Q

What is the Adaptive immune response specificity? Does the strength of the response vary?

A

Highly action specific, antigens are recognised (immunological memory). Yes, primary and secondary responses - the second time a pathogen is seen a stronger/faster response is mounted

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7
Q

How does skin act as a protective barrier against infectious agents?

A

Physical and chemical barrier (sweat has antimicrobial lactic/fatty acids and low pH)

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8
Q

How do bodily fluids protect against infectious agents?

A

Acid in gastric juice, spermine/zinc in semen, lactoperoxidase in breast milk, lysozyme in tears/nasal/saliva - chews off bacterial cell walls

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9
Q

How does mucous protect against infectious agents?

A

Prevents adhesion of pathogens to mucosal surfaces/epithelial cells, coughing/sneezing (ciliary movement) then removes mucous. Mucous also contains bactericidal chemicals

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10
Q

What is microbial antagonism?

A

The act of normal commensal bacterial flora producing microbial substances to fight off other bacteria (antibiotics may disturb this e.g. Candida albicans or Clostridium difficule)

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11
Q

What is the definition of an antigen?

A

An organism/molecule (protein, carb, lipid) that is recognised by the immune system

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12
Q

What are the five different cell types of the innate response? Describe the role of each cell type

A
  1. Phagocytes - Engulf pathogens and release chemicals to digest
  2. Eosinophils - release toxic molecules onto the surface of organisms too large for phagocytosis (may also phagocytose smaller cells)
  3. Mast cells (in tissue) & Basophils (in blood) - involved in inflammation
  4. Dendritic cells - form link between adaptive and innate, not antigen specific & no immunological memory but activate adaptive cells
  5. Natural Killer Cells - go round trying to kill all cells (most cells have molecule which stops killer)
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13
Q

What are the 3 types of macrophage?

A
  1. Monocytes - in blood circulation
  2. Macrophages - in tissues (derived form monocytes)
  3. Neutrophils - find in blood and tissues, short lived
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14
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus of a neutrophil?

A

Multi lobed single nucleus (polymorphonuclear)

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15
Q

What is the structure and function of eosinophils?

A

2/3 lobed nucleus, lots of cytoplasm containing granules, these granules are released onto pathogen and carry out extracellular killing

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16
Q

What are the killer proteins present in the granules of eosinophils?

A

Major basic protein, cationic protein (ribonuclease), oxygen metabolites (superoxide), perforins (create pores in cells)

17
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

Extracellularly

18
Q

What are the MOLECULES of the innate immune response?

A

Complement, acute phase proteins e.g. C-reactive proteins (increase rapidly in conc. following infection), interferons (interfere w/ viral replication - IFNalpha, beta, gamma)

19
Q

What are the cell type involved in the adaptive immune response?

A

Lymphocytes - immunological memory, highly specific for individual pathogens

20
Q

What are the two main types of lymphocyte of the adaptive immune response?

A

T (3 types: helper, regulator, killer), B (produce antibody molecules)

21
Q

Which other cell are lymphocytes similar to and what is their difference?

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells, but NK cells do not have immunological memory or specificity

22
Q

What are the roles of the B lymphocytes?

A

Link different parts of the immune response together, neutralise viruses/bacterial toxins

IMMN2001 (15 decks)

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