1- individuals Flashcards
1
Q
MEDIEVAL
hippocrates
A
- 4 humours theory-> balancing liquids
- realised different parts of the body require different treatment
- wrote 60 books which influenced medicine for years
2
Q
MEDIEVAL
Galen
A
- went to gladiator school-> learnt about anatomy
- dissected apes and pigs to learn more
- understood why observation and recording symptoms was important
- wrote books which were used as university texts until the middle ages -> huge influence
3
Q
MEDIEVAL
john arderne
A
- surgeon
- had a 50% success rate with anus surgery-> amazing for the time
- 100 years war- development his painkilling ointment -> made out of hemlock, opium and henbane
- this reduced the need for cauterisations which were more dangerous
- wrote ‘a practice for surgery’ in 1350 which basically just DRAGGED galen and hippocrates-> proved their theories wrong
4
Q
MEDIEVAL
Theodoric of Luca
A
- encouraged an antiseptic approach to surgery ->cleaned wounds and bandaged with wine soaked dressings (anti bacterial)
- wrote surgical books (such as ‘cyrurgia’) which challenged Galens ideas
- invented and promoted anaesthetics of a sponge soaked in opium, mandrake, ivy and juices to render a patient unconscious for an operation
5
Q
MEDIEVAL
avicenna
A
- wrote ‘canon of medicine’ which was his own ideas combined with galen and hippocrates
- his work was translated into latin and used widely in the west-> wide impact
- ‘canon of medicine’ was used as a medical textbook well into the 17th century
6
Q
MEDIEVAL
rhazes
A
- he was the head doctor in baghdad hospital
- wrote ‘el hawi’ and 200 more medical works with detailed descriptions-> gained through observation of patients
- considered allergies and noticed fevers were a natural healing method of the body
7
Q
MEDIEVAL
mayor of coventry
A
- in 1421 he made a statement saying that every man must clean the street in front of their house or get fined 12 pennies
- waste collected was sold to farmers
- created waste disposal locations and dung hills in order to get waste off the streets
- all toilets and waste banned from being put in rivers in order to get clean water
8
Q
MEDIEVAL
ibn al-nafis
A
- big anatomical discovery about pulmonary circulation-> discovered how blood circulated through the heart which disproved galens theory on types of blood
- he influenced the work of william harvey who discovered the whole circulatory system in the 17th century
9
Q
EARLY MODERN
vesalius
A
- challenges galen by dissecting actual humans and observing them-> upset the church
- published ‘de humani corporis fabrics’ which explained how bodily systems work e.g. the muscles and skeleton
- his knowledge was shared with the world + used in many european medical schools
- barber surgeons in london used his ideas and referenced him in their manuals
10
Q
EARLY MODERN
thomas sydenham
A
- believed in observation with as little intervention as possible
- each disease has a different treatment
- successfully treated malaria using cinchona bark
- developer of COOL THERAPY for smallpox -> lots of liquids, moderate bleeding and keeping the patient cool-> elements of the 4 humours still existed
11
Q
EARLY MODERN
paré
A
- links to WAR -> was a surgeon and army doctor during the siege of milan
- ran out of oil to cauterise wounds so created a mixture of egg yolk, turpentine, and oil of roses -> less painful + more effective treatment than cauterisation
- used ligatures to tie off wounds
- invented the ‘crows beak clamp’ to stop bleeding
- developed artificial limbs
- also believed that observation of patients was key
- wrote ‘les oeuvres’ in 1575 which was used widely
12
Q
EARLY MODERN
john hunter
A
- influences by WAR-> army surgeon in the 7 years war ->dealt with gunshot wounds
- called the ‘father of scientific surgery’
- believed in letting nature heal deep wounds
- trained edward jenner and others in the ‘company of surgeons’
- taught anatomy and trained surgeons by dissecting human bodies to gain knowledge of the body
- wrote many books such as ‘the natural history of the teeth’
- showed scientific method by injecting himself with gonorrhoea + removing an aneurysm from a mans knee without surgery
13
Q
EARLY MODERN
da vinci
A
- studied the human body in order to accurately portray it in drawings
- these drawings were then used to illustrate medical textbooks and spread understanding of anatomy
14
Q
EARLY MODERN
lady johanna st. john
A
- showed the typical ‘lady of the manor’ role in healing
- lived at LYDIARD HOUSE ->created a recipe book of cures for different ailments
- grew most of the herbs she needed in her walled garden
- would send ingredients to friends in the city
15
Q
EARLY MODERN
william harvey
A
- wrote the book ‘on the motion of the heart’ -> challenging galens ideas
- experimented on animals + discovered how blood pumped around the body in a circular motion
- SCIENTIFIC METHOD-> experimented on a patients forearm to show blood was pumping + proved it was impossible to have too much blood
- reduced blood letting + helped with understanding the heart and kidney disease
- his work led to the discovery of capillaries 60 years later
