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Year 2 Clinical Pathology > 1. Immunisations & Infection Prevention Control > Flashcards

1. Immunisations & Infection Prevention Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered to be the single most effective medical intervention?

A

Vaccinations

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2
Q

What role did Edward Jenner play in immunisation?

A

Inoculation with cowpox against smallpox

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3
Q

What role did Louis Pasteur play in immunisation?

A

Produced vaccines against chickenpox, cholera, diphtheria, anthrax & rabies

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4
Q

When were the first successful live viral vaccines used?

A

Post WW2

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5
Q

What is the biggest cause of childhood death due to infectious disease?

A

Pneumococcal infection

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6
Q

What are the 2 main types of aim for vaccinations?

A 
STRATEGIC AIM (selective protection, elimination, eradication)
PROGRAMMATIC AIM (prevent deaths/infection/transmission)
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7
Q

What are the 3 main methods of immunity?

A
  • NON-SPECIFIC DEFENCE (skin, stomach acid, etc)
  • INNATE IMMUNITY (complement, WBC, cytokines)
  • IMMUNE SYSTEM (Ig&raquo_space; specific IgG response)
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8
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Introduction of antibodies from another person.

|&raquo_space; short term immunity

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9
Q

Give a natural example of passive immunity.

A

Mother&raquo_space; baby

-maternal antibodies protect baby for up to a year

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10
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Production of antibodies by the immune system in response to antigens.
»long term immunity (immunological memory)

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11
Q

Give 2 examples of active immunity.

A
  • Natural infection

- Vaccination

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12
Q

Is injecting someone with immunoglobulin active or passive immunity?

A

Passive immunity

-antibodies injected

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13
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies.

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14
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Protein produced in response to a specific antigen.

-eg. IgM, IgG

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15
Q

What is a primary immune response?

A

Develops in the weeks following 1st exposure to an antigen.

-Mainly IgM antibody

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16
Q

What is a secondary immune response?

A

Response on subsequent exposures to an antigen&raquo_space; faster & stronger.
-mainly IgG antibody

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17
Q

What is the basic process by which antibodies produce immunity?

A

B lymphocytes produce antibodies
» antigen binds to antibody
»CLONAL EXPANSION (IgM production then IgG production)
»IgG facilitates mircoorganism destruction

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18
Q

What happens to levels of IgG when an infection is resolved?

A

IgG levels decline.

-one set of the specific B lymphocytes persist (IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY)

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19
Q

What type of organism are in a vaccine that causes active immunity?

A

Attenuated live/Inactivated

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20
Q

Give 4 examples of live vaccines that produce active immunity.

A
  • MMR
  • BCG
  • Yellow fever
  • Varicella
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21
Q

Give 3 examples of inactivated vaccines that produce active immunity.

A
  • pertussis
  • typhoid
  • IPV
22
Q

Give 2 examples of vaccines that contain components of organisms and lead to active immunity.

A
  • Influenza

- Pneumococcal

23
Q

Give 2 examples of vaccines that contain inactivated toxins and lead to active immunity.

A
  • Tetanus

- Diptheria

24
Q

How can mothers pass on immunity to their offspring?

A

Vertical transmission of auto-antibodies from mother to foetus, & breastfeeding.
» Passive immunity

25
Q

Give 5 examples of passive immunity vaccines involving the injection of immunoglobulin.

A
  • Tetanus
  • Botulism
  • Hepatitis B
  • Rabies
  • Varicella
26
Q

What are the advantages of live vaccines? (3)

A
  • single dose often&raquo_space; long term immunity
  • strong immune response
  • local and systemic immunity
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of live vaccines? (4)

A
  • potential to revert virulence
  • contraindicated when immunosupressed
  • poor stability
  • contamination potential
28
Q

What are the advantages of inactivated vaccines? (3)

A
  • stable
  • constituents clearly defined
  • unable to cause infection
29
Q

What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines? (3)

A
  • need several doses
  • local reactions common
  • shorter lasting
30
Q

What is a recent development in the UK childhood immunisation schedule?

A

More serogroups added to pneumococcal vaccine

31
Q

What are the 2 different types of injection of immunoglobulin for passive immunity?

A
  • pooled plasma (HNIG)

- specific antigens (eg. tetanus)

32
Q

What vaccines are routinely given to children

A
  • DTaP/IPV/Hib
  • pneumococcal
  • rotavirus
  • men C
  • MMR
33
Q

What vaccines are provided to 65 year olds by the NHS?

A

Pneumococcal

Annual flu

34
Q

What vaccine is provided to 70 year olds by the NHS?

A

Shingles

35
Q

What is the prevalence of HCAI in hospital admissions?

A

5-10%

36
Q

What are the activities undertaken to reduce HCAI? (6)

A
  • Eliminate pathogenic organism
  • Remove source
  • Minimise transmission
  • Eliminate entry
  • Reduce susceptibility
  • Surveillance
37
Q

How are pathogenic organisms eliminated?

A
  • Environmental cleaning & decontamination (eg. H2O2)

- Antisepsis

38
Q

How is the source of infection removed?

A
  • Hand hygiene

- Environmental cleaning

39
Q

How is transmission minimised?

A
  • Hand hygiene
  • Protective equipment
  • Disposable equipment
40
Q

How is entry of microorganisms eliminated?

A
  • Asepsis
  • Antisepsis
  • Air handling
  • Sharps management
41
Q

How is susceptibility to infection reduced?

A
  • Antibiotic stewardship (SMART)

- Immunisation

42
Q

What is surveillance in terms on infection control?

A

Process of gathering information on infections

43
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

Complete killing/removal of all types of microorganisms.

44
Q

Name 4 sterilisation methods.

A
  • Heat (moist - autoclave/dry - oven)
  • Chemical
  • Filtration
  • Ionising radiation (disposable equipment)
45
Q

What is disinfection?

A

Removal/killing of sufficient numbers of potentially harmful micro-organisms to make an item safe to use.

46
Q

What is antisepsis?

A

Disinfection applied to damaged skin/tissue.

47
Q

What is the difference between sterilisation and disinfection?

A 
Sterilisation = removal of ALL microorganisms
Disinfection = removal of SUFFICIENT microorganisms
48
Q

What the least hazardous method of sterilisation?

A

Heat

49
Q

What is the risk of infection of surgical equipment, and how are they decontaminated?

A
  • High infection risk

- Sterilisation (moist heat)

50
Q

What is the risk of infection of flexible endoscopes, and how are they decontaminated?

A
  • High infection risk

- High level disinfection (too fragile for heat sterilisation)

51
Q

What is the risk of infection of syringe needles, and how are they decontaminated?

A
  • High infection risk

- Sterilisation (a-irradiation)

52
Q

How are central venous catheter insertion site decontaminated?

A

Living tissue - chemical disinfection

Year 2 Clinical Pathology (13 decks)

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