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Year 11 OCR Paper 2: British Society (1939-1975) > 1. Immigration > Flashcards

1. Immigration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is important to bear in mind when considering the experiences of immigrants in Britain (1939-1975)?

A
  1. The experiences of immigrants in Britain changed over time.
  2. The experiences of immigrants could differ depending on where they were from.
  3. Prejudice towards immigrants was not necessarily universal (existing everywhere) across British society.
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2
Q

Identify three pieces of evidence that suggest that the arrival of the ship the Empire Windrush from the Caribbean on June, 22, 1948 was a significant event.

A
  1. It was the first ship to be televised coming over from the Caribbean
  2. The ship was met with extreme hostility and people holding placards saying ‘Go Home’
  3. It was one of the first post war ships after Britain had passed the British Nationality Act
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3
Q

Identify three pieces of evidence that suggest that the arrival of the ship the Empire Windrush from the Caribbean on June, 22, 1948 was not a significant event.

A
  1. It was not the first ship to carry immigrants.
  2. The main immigration happened in the 1950s.
  3. It was tiny compared to immigrants from Ireland and other parts of Europe.
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4
Q

Identify four key reasons that helps us to explain why groups migrated to Britain (1945-1975).

A
  1. Romantic vision of Britain. Many saw it as ‘the mother country’
  2. Economic problems at home (unemployment and poverty)
  3. Likelihood of finding work
  4. The 1948 British Nationality Act. It confirmed the right of Commonwealth citizens to settle in Britain.
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5
Q

Why did Britain encourage workers to migrate to the country after the Second World War?

A
  1. There was a shortage of workers in Britain after WW2, so people were encouraged to migrate to Britain to find work for companies such as the NHS and for London transport.
  2. In the late 1940s and 50s, recruiting campaigns were run in the West indies to encourage immigration.
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6
Q

Identify two organisations in Britain in which migrant workers were encouraged to work.

A
  1. NHS - National Health Service

2. Transport for London

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7
Q

What did the 1948 British Nationality Act state?

A

The 1948 British nationality Act confirmed the right of Commonwealth citizens to settle in Britain.

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8
Q

By the late-1940s, what problems in Jamaica and other Caribbean islands caused people to migrate to Britain?

A
  1. By the late-1940s, unemployment had become a major problem after the collapse of the sugar trade.
  2. Investigation into conditions in the Caribbean found poor housing, wages and healthcare and an inadequate education system
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9
Q

Why did people from Kenya and Uganda migrate to Britain?

A

Due to violence at home.

Kenya: President Jomo Kenyatta gave Kenyan Asians two years to become Kenyan citizens or leave in 1967 (20,000 came to Britain because to them, Britain was more home than India.)

Uganda: President Idi Amin expelled 50,000 Asian Ugandans in 1972.

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10
Q

How much more could immigrants from India and Pakistan earn in Britain?

A

Up to 30 times as much in Britain as they could in their own country of origin.

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11
Q

In what ways did the education systems in countries in the British Empire encourage people to migrate to Britain?

A

The education systems of many countries in the British Empire had taught people British History and literature, causing them to admire the country. For example, people of the British Empire were told of wonderful British achievements in business and engineering.

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12
Q

How many white American GIs were stationed in Britain during the Second World War?

A

3 million were stationed in Britain during the Second World War.

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13
Q

Identify two pieces of evidence which suggest that white American GIs were welcomed by the British people during the war.

A

White American GI’s were generally very popular with the British people:
Less class-conscious - American GI’s brought their values of a more integrated society to Britain.
80,000 British women became GI brides - most of whom decided to emigrate to the USA with their husbands after the war.

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14
Q

Why did some British men resent American GIs?

A

Their average salary was sometimes 5 times that of a British soldier, and and they had no living expenses, so they had a much larger disposable income then the British working man.
They had great relationships with British children, and gave out gifts like sweets and chocolate.
They flirted with British women, and at the end of the war there were 70 thousand GI brides.

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15
Q

How many African American GIs were stationed in Britain during the war?

A

130,000 came to Britain during the war

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16
Q

What did historian Neil Wynn’s study on the treatment of African American GIs conclude?

A

His study of their treatment in the rural area of Gloucestershire found that African American GIs were treated well

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17
Q

What did the NAACP report on the experiences of African American GIs in Britain conclude?

A

That it was there first experience of equality

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18
Q

Give two examples that suggests that segregation had begun to appear in British society during the war.

A
  1. A day club for black servicemen was established in Tewkesbury.
  2. Signs saying “No Blacks, No dogs” were common in boarding houses where immigrants tried to find a room.
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19
Q

Identify three Commonwealth countries that sent troops to support the British forces during the war.

A
  1. Canada
  2. India
  3. South Africa
    (4. Australia)
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20
Q

How did the British people welcome Commonwealth Troops during the war?

A
  1. Commonwealth troops were warmly welcomed by British people during the war.
  2. A lot of them felt like they were contributing towards the war effort.
  3. Some Commonwealth troops made friends with the British servicemen.
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21
Q

How many British women married Canadian servicemen during the war?

A

47,000

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22
Q

How many Italian and German prisoners of war (POWs) were held in Britain during the Second World War?

A

More than 500,000 Italian and German fighters were brought to Britain as prisoners of war during the Second World War.

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23
Q

Identify three pieces of evidence that suggest that POWs were treated well in Britain.

A
  1. Food rations - Allocated same rations as allied servicemen.
  2. Wages - Paid wages for the work they did.
  3. Education - Had access to a range of educational classes.
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24
Q

How many Polish people chose to settle in Britain after the war?

A

120,000

25
Q

What was set up to provide Polish people with housing, training and work after the war?

A

The Polish Resettlement Corps

26
Q

How many Polish workers were there in British industry by the end of 1948?

A

65,000

27
Q

Identify two pieces of evidence that suggest that Poles were not treated fairly in Britain.

A
  1. The housing was very basic and in military or former prisoners of war camps.
  2. Often found they would be sacked with no compensation because they were not British citizen
28
Q

Identify two examples that suggest that immigrants in Britain faced discrimination in housing.

A
  1. Forced to live in overcrowded slums.
  2. Exploited by landlords, e.g. Peter Rachman’s properties were crammed with immigrants paying high rents for poor accommodation. Rachman’s men beat anyone who complained about the conditions.
29
Q

Identify two examples that suggest that immigrants in Britain faced discrimination in employment.

A

Trade unions were unhappy about immigrant workers, as they saw them as competitors for jobs (e.g. in 1955 transport workers went on strike in a number of British cities about increasing numbers of migrant workers.)

In addition, more than half of the West Indians in London in the late - 1950s were overqualified for the job they were doing.

30
Q

Describe the events of August 30, 1958, in Notting Hill.

A
  1. A mob of 300-400 white people, many of them Teddy boys, were seen on Bramley road attacking the houses of west Indians.- this event was known as the Notting Hill riots.
  2. The metropolitan police made over 140 arrests during the riot, including many white youths and some black men found with weapons.
31
Q

How did the Metropolitan Police respond to the Notting Hill riots, and how did this affect the relationship between the black community and the Met?

A

The Met Police responded by arresting over 140 people carrying weapons during the two weeks of disturbance. The Met police were accused of carrying out racial attacks which caused tensions between the black community and the Met

32
Q

What was the Conservative party’s policy towards immigration in the early-1960s?

A

The government began actively discouraging migrants from moving to Britain.

33
Q

Name the law introduced by the Conservative party in the 1962.

A

Commonwealth Immigrants Act

34
Q

What did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 state, and who introduced it?

A

It was introduced by the conservative government. It stated that all immigrants coming from the common wealth had to have a work permit

35
Q

Why did the Conservative government introduce the laws against immigration in the 1960s?

A

The laws put in place by the conservatives were in response to complaints made against immigrants in Britain. This included being considered lazy and not entering work, or working for smaller wages which drove wages down. They were also associated with criminal activity.

36
Q

Who could gain entry to Britain by 1972?

A

Only holders of a work permit or people with parents/grandparents born in the UK.

37
Q

What was the Labour party’s policy towards immigration in the late-1960s?

A

“A Labour Government will legislate against racial discrimination and incitement in public places and give special help to local authorities in areas where immigrants have settled. Labour accepts that the number of immigrants entering the United Kingdom must be limited. Until a satisfactory agreement covering this can be negotiated with the Commonwealth a Labour Government will retain immigration control.”

(extract from the Labour parties manifesto in 1964)

38
Q

Name the two laws introduced by the Labour party in the late-1960s.

A

The Race Relations Acts (1965; later amended in 1968)

39
Q

What did the Race Relations Acts of 1965 and 1968 state, and who introduced them?

A

1965: Outlawed discrimination on the grounds of colour, race or ethnic or national origins in public places.
1968: The act was strengthened which extended the legislation’s remit to cover employment and housing.

40
Q

Who gave the ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech on April 20, 1968, and what did they say?

A

Enoch Powell

In his speech Powell said that he could see stormy clouds brewing for Britain because of the admission of immigrants.

41
Q

Identify two examples that suggest that people responded positively to Enoch Powell’s ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech.

A
  1. Powell received thousands of letters of support from immigration officers at Heathrow and London dockworkers.
  2. Over 300 of the 412 Conservative party local branches expressed their approval of Powell’s speech.
42
Q

Identify two examples that suggest that people did not respond positively to Enoch Powell’s ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech.

A
  1. Conservative leader, Edward Heath sacked Powell from the shadow cabinet.
  2. The press also condemned it.
43
Q

What was the name of the extremist political party set up in Britain in 1967?

A

The National Front (NF)

44
Q

What were the National Front’s ideas and aims towards immigration?

A

They were an extreme right wing group (set up in 1967)

That opposed immigration and multi cultural politics in Britain.

45
Q

Describe the methods of the National Front.

A

The National Front often made noisy protests and demonstrations against immigration. These protests and demonstrations sometimes turned violent.

46
Q

What evidence is there that the National Front was and was not supported by the British people?

A

Was supported:
Won local elections
Was not supported:
Never won a MP

47
Q

How did British society change in the 1970s?

A

In 1970 there were about 375,000 Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs in Britain.

The Equal Pay Act 1970 called for equal pay for equal work. However, there were gaps (or ’loopholes’) in this law— Employers didn’t have to comply with the Act until 1975,The Act did not include women in jobs rarely done by men, and some employers got round the Act by claiming that men and women’s work was ‘different’, or by changing women’s job
titles. These loopholes were not removed until 1983.

48
Q

Name two organisations that had a significant number of immigrant workers by the 1970s. (Include examples of job roles)

A
  1. A significant number of workers for the National Health Service were immigrants. They had jobs as cleaners, nurses, doctors and surgeons. Over 1/3 of all doctors in the NHS were born overseas.
  2. Transport for London also relied heavily on immigrant workers.
49
Q

What proportion of doctors in the NHS were born overseas?

A

More than a 1/3 of doctors were born overseas by the 1970s.

50
Q

Name two Asian millionaires who contributed towards the British economy.

A
  1. Anwar Perez

2. Shahad Hussein

51
Q

What proportion of Indian men were highly trained professions by 1981? (Include examples of job roles)

A

1/3 (they worked in areas such as banking, insurance, education and the law).

52
Q

Identify two examples that suggest that immigrants contributed towards Britain’s culinary tastes.

A
  1. Ice cream parlors were introduced to Britain by Italians.

2. The Chinese and Indians brought restaurants and takeaways to Britain.

53
Q

How did the Afro-Caribbean community contribute towards the development of music in Britain?

A

Reggae music was one of the most important ways in which Caribbean culture became mainstream, it was first introduced to British people in the Notting Hill carnival in 1958.

54
Q

Identify five key pieces of evidence which suggest that immigrants were welcomed in Britain between 1939 and 1975.

A
  1. The treatment of Poles, Commonwealth troops and American GIs (1939 - 1945)
  2. The passing of the British Nationality Act (1948) which allowed people from across the commonwealth to come and work in the UK
  3. Institutions like TFL and the NHS encouraging immigrants to come work for them, showing immigrants were valued and needed in British Society
  4. The passing of the Race Relations Act (1965) to protect immigrants from discrimination.
  5. Acceptance of new cultures (e.g. food, music, the expansion of the Notting Hill Carnival)
55
Q

Identify five key pieces of evidence which suggest that immigrants were not welcomed in Britain between 1939 and 1975.

A
  1. Forced to live in overcrowded slums.
  2. Exploited by landlords, e.g. Peter Rachman’s properties were crammed with immigrants paying high rents for poor accommodation. Rachman’s men beat anyone who complained about the conditions.
  3. By 1972, only holders of work permits or people with parents or grandparents born in the UK could gain entry. (The unrestricted entry for Commonwealth citizens, allowed by the 1948 British Nationality Act, was now over.)
  4. They were considered lazy and not entering work, or working for smaller wages which drove wages down. They were also associated with criminal activity.
  5. Notting Hill Riots (August 30th 1958): White youths attacked West Indiands and their homes. This continued every night until they stopped on the 5th September.
56
Q

What did the NAACP report on the experiences of African American GIs in Britain conclude?

A

That Britain was the first experience of equality for many African American GIs.

57
Q

What did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1962 do, and who introduced it?

A

It meant that people living within the commonwealth had to have a government-issued employment vouchers to settle and work within the UK. Implemented by the conservative government at the time in response to perceived heavy immigration and anti immigrant feeling.

58
Q

What evidence is there that the National Front was and was not supported by the British people?

A

They did not win a single seat in parliament showing a lack of wide spread support.

Year 11 OCR Paper 2: British Society (1939-1975) (3 decks)

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