1. hypertension

Question 1

non-pharmacological treatments for hypertension

Answer 1

• healthy diet
• limit alcohol intake
• lose weight
• get active
• cut down in caffeine
• stop smoking

Question 2

how blood pressure is measured

Answer 2

The systolic pressure – Pressure at which
blood is pumped around the body. This is the
1st number in blood pressure measurements

The diastolic pressure – Resistance to blood
flow in the blood vessels. This is the 2nd number in blood pressure measurements
Blood pressure is measured using millimetres
of mercury (mmHg)

Question 3

what is normal blood pressure?

Answer 3

Normal blood pressure is 90/60mmHg –

120/80mmHg

Question 4

hypertensive crisis

Answer 4

is above
180/110mmHg this requires
emergency medical care.

Question 5

the stages of hypertension and how do you diagnose it?

Answer 5

• Stage 1 hypertension — clinic blood pressure ranging from 140/90 mmHg to 159/99 mmHg and subsequent
ABPM daytime average or HBPM average blood pressure ranging from 135/85 mmHg to 149/94 mmHg.
• Stage 2 hypertension — clinic blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg or higher but less than 180/120 mmHg and
subsequent ABPM daytime average or HBPM average blood pressure of 150/95 mmHg or higher.
• Stage 3 or severe hypertension — clinic systolic blood pressure of 180 mmHg or higher or clinic diastolic
blood pressure of 120 mmHg or higher.

Question 6

common blood pressure medications

Answer 6

• ACE inhibitors – relax blood vessels
• Angiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARBs) – relax blood vessels
• Calcium channel blockers – Widen blood vessels
• Diuretics – removing salt and water from you blood decreases blood pressure
• Beta blockers – make heart beat more slowly
The medicine recommended for you will depend on things like how high your blood pressure is, your age and
your ethnicity.

Question 7

the possible causes for the increased risk of COVID to BAME individuals

Answer 7

Potentially:
Deprivation and co-morbidities
Racism: systemic and microagressions
Genetics

Question 8

focused history of a patient with hypertension

Answer 8

1) Does patient already have hypertension and if so for what duration?
2) Does the patient have congestive heart failure symptoms?
3) Does the patient have peripheral vascular disease?
4) Does the patient have diabetes?
5) Does the patient have a history or symptoms of cardiovascular disease?
6) Does the patient have renal disease?
7) Does the patient have cholesterol issues?
8) Does the patient have a family history of premature heart attack or stroke death(s)?
9) Does the patient have a family history of diabetes?
10) Does the patient have a family history of hypercholesterolemia?
Review all medications including over the counter and complementary medications?
11) Review any weight change issues?
12) Review smoking history?
13) Review alcohol and drug history?
14) Review diet history?
15) Review psychosocial stressors?

Question 9

physical examination for hypertension

Answer 9

1) Two blood pressure measurements 2 minutes apart on each arm
2) Calculate the BMI (body mass index)
3) Fundiscopic exam
4) Examine the thyroid
5) Check for neck bruits
6) Ausculate the heart for rate and murmurs
7) Check the PMI (point of maximal impact)
8) Check for abdominal bruits
9) Assess peripheral veins
10) Evaluate for lower extremity edema
14) Neurological evaluation

Question 10

How does Amlodipine work to lower blood pressure?

Answer 10

• Calcium blocker
• Relaxes muscles around the blood vessels to lower blood pressure by blocking calcium entry in response to depolarisation in blood vessels

Question 11

ACEIs such as Ramipril are also used to treat hypertension. How does this class of
drugs work?

Answer 11

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Blocks the action of the renin-angiotensin system and indirectly acts as a vasodilator