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physical geography paper 1 > 1. hydrology > Flashcards

1. hydrology Flashcards

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1
Q

drainage basin system

A

an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. it includes water found in the water table and surface run-off

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2
Q

source

A

the original point from which the river flows. eg lake, marsh, spring

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3
Q

mouth

A

where a river meets the sea or a lake

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4
Q

confluence

A

the junction of two rivers, especially rivers of approximately equal width

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5
Q

tributary

A

a river or a stream flowing into a larger river or lake

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6
Q

watershed

A

an area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas

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7
Q

channel

A

a length of watersider than a straight, joining two larger areas of water, especially two seas

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8
Q

bank

A

sides of the river

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9
Q

bed

A

bottom of a river

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10
Q

precipitation

A

water forms in the atmosphere, condenses and drops to the surface

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11
Q

interbasin flow

A

water that moves from one basin to another

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12
Q

what outputs are there

A

-evaporation
-evapotranspiration
-transpiration
-river discharge

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13
Q

evaporation

A

the process of turning from liquid into vapor

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14
Q

evapotranspiration

A

the process by which water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants

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15
Q

transpiration

A

the process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor through pores in their leaves

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16
Q

river discharge

A

water entering the sea and leaving the basin

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17
Q

what stores are there

A

-interception
-soil water
-ground water
-channel storage

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18
Q

interception

A

refers to precipitation that does not reach the soil, but is instead intercepted by the leaves, branches of plants and the forest floor

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19
Q

soil water

A

water held in unsaturated soil

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20
Q

channel storage

A

water held in the confines of a channel

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21
Q

what above ground flows are there

A

-drip
-stemflow
-surface run off
-channel flow
-throughfall

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22
Q

through fall

A

precipitation that reaches the ground instantly

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23
Q

surface run off

A

water that travels across the surface

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24
Q

stem flow

A

intercepted water that runs down trunks and stems

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25
Q

channel flow

A

water that travels within the confines of a channel

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26
Q

what under ground flows are there

A

-infiltration
-percolation
-throughflow
-groundwater
-baseflow

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27
Q

infiltration

A

water that moves from surface to soil

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28
Q

percolation

A

water that travels from unsaturated soil to permeable rocks

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29
Q

through flow

A

water that travels through unsaturated ground

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30
Q

groundwater

A

water that travels through permeable rocks

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31
Q

baseflow

A

water that travels in deep bedrock

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32
Q

what underground water is there

A

-water tables
-ground water
-recharge
-springs

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33
Q

water tables

A

upper level of an underground surface in which the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water. the water table separates the groundwater zone that lies below it from the capillary fringe, or zone of aeration, that lies above it

34
Q

recharge

A

water moves downwards from surface water to groundwater

35
Q

springs

A

a natural situation where water flows from an aquifer to the earths surface

36
Q

what factors effect discharge

A

-climatic factors
-precipitation
-vegetation
-seasonally

37
Q

bankfull discharge

A

when the river is completely full

38
Q

lag time

A

the time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

39
Q

abrasion

A

rocks carries along by the river wear down the river bed and banks. this increases as velocity increases

40
Q

corrosion

A

water dissolves minerals from the rocks and washes them away. carbon dioxide dissolves in water and forms a weak acid which dissolves the rock

41
Q

hydraulic action

A

the force of air and water on the sides of rivers and in cracks. as fluid accelerates, pressure drops and may cause air bubbles. cavitation occurs as bubbles implode and evict tiny jets of water which damages the bank

42
Q

attrition

A

as rocks are transported they regularly impact on each other causing them to be broken into smaller segments

43
Q

types of transport

A

-suspension
-saltation
-traction
-solution

44
Q

suspension

A

fine light material such as clay and sand is carried along in the water even at low discharges

45
Q

saltation

A

gravels, small pebbles and stones are bounces along the river bed by the flow of water

46
Q

traction

A

large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed at times of high discharge

47
Q

solution

A

dissolved particles can be transported with very little energy

48
Q

hjulstrom curve

A

the curve shows the relationship between the velocity of the river and the size of the particles that can be eroded, transported or deposited.

49
Q

what types of flow are there

A

-laminar
-helicoidal
-turbulant

50
Q

laminar flow

A

water flowing over a smooth surface can flow in a simple sheet with no eddies or meanders. it is rare in nature but can be observed on roads

51
Q

turbulent flow

A

friction with the river bed and banks slows the water near the edge allowing the middle to move faster. water at the sides begins to eddy towards the banks and downwards in the middle

52
Q

helicoidal flow

A

the line of fastest flow follows a corkscrew as the river moves downstream. this is contained by the channel. the vertical thalweg movement produces pools.

53
Q

what types of river channel are there

A

-straight
-meandering
-braided

54
Q

straight river

A

quite rare because helicoidal flow dominates in most rivers and makes them meander

55
Q

braided river

A

these are river channels that contain a number of bars and islands made of sediment. they are found in areas where discharge varies throughout the year and lots of course sediment is being carried. it results due to the deposition of sediment during low discharge

56
Q

river cliff formation

A

a meander is a bend in a river. as the water flows round the bend the flow is fastest on the outside of the bend where the river is deeper. here the river erodes the outside of the bank of the river and undercuts it

57
Q

river cliff description

A

a cut bank is the outside of a bank of a water channel which is continually undergoing erosion

58
Q

point bars formation

A

on the inside of the bend the river is slow flowing and shallow. this causes deposition to take place and a slip of slope is formed.

59
Q

oxbow lake description

A

typical of the middle and lower course of a river where vertical erosion is replaced by lateral erosion plus deposition within the floodplain

60
Q

oxbow lake formation

A

-as the outer banks of a meander continue to be eroded through processes such as hydraulic action the neck of the meander becomes narrower and narrower
-due to the narrowing of the neck the two outer bends meet and the river cuts through the neck of the meander when the river energy is at its highest
-due to deposition the old meander bend is left isolated from the main channel

61
Q

rapids description

A

are areas along the rivers course where the water becomes more turbulent

62
Q

rapids formation

A

caused by a localized increase in gradient among the rivers gradient or where the river flows over alternating bands of harder and softer rocks. these are often linked in with pool and riffle sequences. pools are deeper and riffles are shallow. riffles encourage deposition

63
Q

potholes description

A

are round to oval shaped holes in the bedrock of a river bed

64
Q

v shaped valley description

A

formed by flowing water . the exact shape will depend. on the characteristics of the stream flowing through it.

65
Q

v shaped valley formation

A

as the river erodes vertically down it leaves behind valley sides that are shaped like a letter V. this is because as it erodes straight down it leaves very steep valley sides that are then attacked by weathering processes such as freeze thaw. this weakens the valley sides which may collapse or move down slope due to mass movement processes such as slumping.

66
Q

bluff description

A

type of broad rounded cliff. most border a river,beach or other coastal areas. may form along a river where it meanders, or curves from side to side.

67
Q

bluff formation

A

over thousands of years, a meandering river gradually shifts from side to side across its flood plain. where the meanders or loops of the river reach valley walls.

68
Q

gorge description

A

a narrow valley with steep,rocky walls located between hills or mountains. a gorge is often smaller than a canyon

69
Q

gorge formation

A

streams carve through hard layers of rock, breaking down or eroding it. sediment from the worn away rock is then carried downstream. over time, this erosion will form the steep walls of a gorge.

70
Q

floodplain

A

relatively flat areas of land either side of the river, which form the valley floor in the middle and lower courses of the river

71
Q

levee description

A

are natural embankments which are formed when a river floods

72
Q

levee formation

A

when a river floods, larger material is deposited closest to the river bank. this often leads to large, raised mounds being formed. smaller material is deposited further away and leads to the formation of gently sloping sides of the levees.

73
Q

deltas description

A

depositions landforms that are created from the loading of sediment onto the land as the rivers capacity to carry that sediment is reduced.

74
Q

deltas formation

A

-as rivers near the sea they contain high sediment loads and the rivers start to spread out laterally
-this causes sediment to be deposited, as does flocculation where clay sediments join together, gain in mass and sink

75
Q

physical causes of flooding

A

-precipitation
-vegetation
-tides
-rock type

76
Q

human causes of flooding

A

-deforestation
-urbanisation
-cloud seeding

77
Q

social impacts of flooding

A

-contaminated water supply
-death +injury
-sentimental possessions

78
Q

economic impacts of flooding

A

-cannot commute to work
-property damage
-government repairs

79
Q

environmental impacts of flooding

A

-water contamination
-farmland destroyed
-animal death

80
Q

flood risk maps

A
  • developed to allow local people to gain understanding. looking at river routes and bank gradient predicts which areas are at most risk
81
Q

hard engineering

A

-dams
-man made levees
-dredging
channel straightening

82
Q

soft engineering

A

-floodplain zoning
-afforestation
-land use planning

physical geography paper 1 (4 decks)

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