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Physical Health Sciences > 1) Homeostasis, Cell Biology, Microbiology > Flashcards

1) Homeostasis, Cell Biology, Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 8 human function characteristics

A

maintaining boundaries; movement; responsiveness; digestion; metabolism; excretion; reproduction; growth

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2
Q

Name 5 human survival needs

A

nutrients; oxygen; water; normal body temperature (37 degrees C); appropriate atmospheric pressure

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3
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintaining a constant/stable internal environment despite external conditions

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4
Q

Name 3 key components of homeostatic regulation

A

receptors; control centre; effector

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5
Q

What is the role of a receptor within a homeostatic control mechanism?

A

responds to stimuli; informs control centre; via the afferent pathway

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6
Q

What is the role of the control centre within a homeostatic control mechanism?

A

determines set point; analyses information; determines appropriate response

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7
Q

What is the role of an effector within a homeostatic control mechanism?

A

provides a means for response to the stimulus; receives information from control centre via efferent pathway

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8
Q

Define negative feedback

A

feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end

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9
Q

Give 4 examples of negative feedback mechanisms

A

thermoregulation; regulation of blood pressure; hunger physiology; blood sugar (glucose homeostasis)

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10
Q

Define positive feedback

A

feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus

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11
Q

Give 5 examples of positive feedback mechanisms

A

blood clotting; childbirth; breast feeding; menstrual cycle; nerve signalling

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12
Q

Name the 3 main regions of the cell

A

nucleus; plasma membrane; cytoplasm

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13
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

control centre of the cell; responsible for transmitting genetic information and providing the instructions for protein synthesis

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14
Q

Function of nuclear envelope?

A

separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus

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15
Q

Function of nucleolus?

A

site of ribosome subunit manufacture

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16
Q

Function of chromatin?

A

DNA constitutes the genes, which carry instructions for building proteins

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17
Q

Describe the cytoplasm

A

cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes; consists of fluid cytosol containing dissolved solutes, organelles and inclusions

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18
Q

What are inclusions?

A

stored nutrients, secretory products, pigment granules

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19
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis

20
Q

Function of ribosomes?

A

sites of protein synthesis

21
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

sugar groups are attached to proteins within the tunnels; proteins are bound in vesicles for transport to Golgi apparatus and other sites; external face synthesises phospholipids

22
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

site of lipid and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism and drug detoxification

23
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus?

A

packages, modifies and segregates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, or incorporation into the plasma membrane

24
Q

Function of peroxisomes?

A

enzymes (oxidase and catalase) detoxify a number of toxic substances e.g. free radicals

25
Q

What substance does catalase break down?

A

hydrogen peroxide

26
Q

Function of lysosomes?

A

sites of intracellular digestion

27
Q

Function of microtubules?

A

supports cell and gives it shape; involved in intracellular and cellular movements; forms centrioles, cilia and flagella, if present

28
Q

Function of microfilaments?

A

involved in muscle contraction and other types of intracellular movement; help form the cell cytoskeleton and microvilli, if present

29
Q

Function of intermediate filaments?

A

stable cytoskeleton elements; resist mechanical forces acting on the cell

30
Q

Function of centrioles?

A

organise a microtubule network during mitosis (cell division) to form the spindle and asters; form the basis of cilia and flagella

31
Q

Function of inclusions?

A

storage for nutrients, wastes and cell products

32
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

membrane made of a double layer of lipids with proteins embedded within

33
Q

Function of plasma membrane?

A

serves as an external cell barrier and acts in transport of substances into or out of the cell. Maintains an electrical condition that is essential for functioning of excitable cells. Externally facing proteins acts as receptors, transport proteins and in cell-to-cell recognition

34
Q

Define diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane until equilibrium is achieved

35
Q

Define filtration

A

passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter

36
Q

Define osmosis

A

the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one

37
Q

Describe active transport

A

transport of substances up their concentration gradient, requiring energy

38
Q

Define exocytosis

A

movement out of a cell

39
Q

Define endocytosis

A

movement into a cell

40
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of solid particles by cells

41
Q

Define pinocytosis

A

the engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells

42
Q

Define isotonic and its cell reactions

A

uniform tension; of the same tone

at equilibrium so no net movement

43
Q

Define hypertonic and its cell reactions

A

excessive, above normal tone or tension

fluid moves out of RBC

44
Q

Define hypotonic and its cell reactions

A

below normal tone or tension

fluid moves into RBC

45
Q

What are the two key parts of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

46
Q

What occurs during interphase?

A

normal cell activities, G1, S and G2

Physical Health Sciences (7 decks)

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