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Hematology & Immunology > 1) Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

1) Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is what type of tissue?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

The two main functions of blood

A

Transport nutrients and oxygen throughout the body; remove metabolic waste to maintain stable internal environment

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3
Q

Composition of blood

A

55% Plasma, 45% Formed elements (44% RBCs, 1% Platelets)

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4
Q

Which cells contain hemoglobin

A

Erythrocytes/red blood cells

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5
Q

Which cells function for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

A

Erythrocytes or red blood cells

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6
Q

In the centrifuged blood sample, where can you find platelets and WBCs?

A

Buffy coat or the layer between plasma and erythrocytes

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7
Q

Cells involved in defense against foreign antigens

A

Leukocytes or white blood cells

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8
Q

Part of blood involved in hemostasis

A

Platelets

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9
Q

Two classifications of erythropoiesis

A

Primitive and Definitive

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10
Q

Describe the RBCs in primitive erythropoiesis

A

Nucleated and immature

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11
Q

Process of differentiation of cellular blood elements that have mature features

A

Definitive erythropoiesis

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12
Q

Erythropoiesis that occurs in later embryos and adults

A

Definitive

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13
Q

Erythrocytes in definitive erythropoiesis are

A

Anucleated

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14
Q

Early (primary) sites of hematopoiesis

A

Placenta, yolk sac, and AGM (aorto-gonado-mesonephros system) are the early sites. Later, hematopoiesis migrates to fetal liver through the AGM.

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15
Q

Where do definitive hematopoietic stem cells arise before colonization of the embryonic liver?

A

AGM

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16
Q

Stages of Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Development)

A

Megaloblastic > Hepatic > Medullary

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17
Q

Stage that occurs as early as 19 days post fertilization

A

Megaloblastic Stage

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18
Q

Where does megaloblastic hematopoiesis (3-5wks) occur?

A

Mesoderm of yolk sac

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19
Q

At __ weeks, yolk sac production of RBCs cease in the ________ stage of hematopoiesis

A

6 weeks; hepatic stage

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20
Q

What organ takes over as main source of blood cells in the medullary phase?

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

Peak of erythro- and granulo- poiesis in humans

A

Medullary stage (3-5 mos AOG)

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22
Q

Where hematopoiesis first occurs

A

Yolk sac

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23
Q

Fate of hemangioblast or angiogenic cluster cells, which came from the mesenchyme

A

Endothelial cells and/or primitive blood cells (first vessel-like structure in embryo)

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24
Q

Less understood but recognized major source of hematopoietic clusters

A

Placenta

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25
Q

The placenta has more progenitor stem cells than what organ

A

Fetal liver

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26
Q

Placental hematopoiesis overlaps with BOTH yolk sac and fetal liver hematopoiesis (T/F)

A

T

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27
Q

At what age does hematopoiesis shift from yolk sac and placenta to the liver?

A

4th week

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28
Q

All blood cell types can differentiate in the liver, except one. What is this cell type and in what organ does it differentiate?

A

T-cells in the thymus

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29
Q

When does the medullary phase (BM) occur?

A

By 21st week AOG

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30
Q

What is the bone marrow made of?

A

Mesenchymal cells composed of reticular cells providing support for developing hematopoietic cells which reside in the bony core

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31
Q

Main sites of medullary or bone marrow hematopoiesis

A

Sternum, pelvis, proximal ends of long bones

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32
Q

At what age does fat start to appear in marrow of long bones

A

5-7 years of age

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33
Q

Composition of yellow marrow

A

Reticular cells and adipose

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34
Q

Function of yellow marrow

A

Storage of fat and hematopoietic cells

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35
Q

Red marrow can compensate by producing 10x more than its normal activity in increased physiologic demand, despite regressing and being replaced by yellow marrow

A

Amen

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36
Q

Hematopoiesis deals with __ and __ of the cellular components of blood

A

Production and destruction

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37
Q

Hematopoiesis occurring in the bone marrow

A

Medullary HP

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38
Q

Hematopoiesis outside the bone marrow

A

Extra medullary hematopoiesis

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39
Q

The main function of liver is

A

Production of transport proteins (not HP)

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40
Q

The liver serves as a filter for blood where it gathers, transfers, and aliminates substances in the form of what?

A

Bile

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41
Q

A yellow byproduct of heme synthesis that is transported to the intestines after conjugation by the liver

A

Bilirubin

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42
Q

What cells line the sinusoids if the liver? Describe also their functions.

A

Kupffer cells are macrophages (remove cellular and foreign debris) and also function in CHON synthesis.

Stellate cells are the main storage of retinol. They play a role in the liver’s toxicity mechanism.

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43
Q

The largest lymphoid organ is ___, containing ___ mL of blood.

A

Spleen; 350

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44
Q

Describe the layers of the spleen

A

Outer later covered by peritoneum; inner layer with trabeculae sent inward by CT capsule to divide the spleen

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45
Q

____ pulp surrounds the central ____ pulp

A

Red; white

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46
Q

This may be observed in cases of hereditary spherocytosis, thalassemia, malaria, and myeloproliferative disease

A

Hypersplenism

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47
Q

Describe the layers of the thymus

A

Outer cortex densely packed with small lymphocytes and macrophages

Inner medulla which is less cellular and a waiting zone for mature T cells

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48
Q

Protein that functions for the maturation of T lymphocytes

A

Thymosin

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49
Q

A defect in chromosome 22, this disease is also known as congenital hypoplastic thymus. It is characterized by recurring infections, failure to thrive, and eventually death in infancy.

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

50
Q

Describe the structure of the lymph node

A

Medulla - plasma cells
Germinal centers - B-lymphocytes
Paracortex - T-lymphocytes

51
Q

Functions of the lymph node

A

Formation of lymphocytes from GCs
Immunoglobulin processing
Filtration from lymphatics

52
Q

Describe the percentages of formed elements produced in HP

A

60% Granulocytes, 20% RBCs, 10% lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets

53
Q

Myeloid:erythroid ratio

A

3:1

54
Q

Location of differentiation of erythrocytes

A

Outer vascular sinus layer (proximal to Fe-laden macrophages)

55
Q

Location of differentiation of granulocytes

A

Deep in cord of sinusoids of BM

56
Q

Location of differentiation of platelets

A

Vascular walls of sinusoids

57
Q

Three components of HSCs

A

Pluripotent SCs, Progenitor or committed SCs, and Mature SCs

58
Q

Enumerate the characteristics of a fully differentiated cell

A

Decrease in proliferative potential
Loss of nucleoli or decrease in nuclear size
Condensation of chromatin (resulting in a change in shape and extrusion of nucleus in the case of RBCs)
Cytoplasmic changes (decrease in basophilic character, increase in cytoplasm, appearance of granules)

59
Q

Requirements for blood cell differentiation

A

Stromal cells and cytokines

60
Q

Stromal cells

A

Fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes

61
Q

Proteins that regulate cell activities

A

Cytokines

62
Q

Substances that promote cell growth

A

Growth factor

63
Q

All growth factors are cytokines

A

Amen

64
Q

Cytokines that function for stem cell and progenitor proliferation

A

Interleukins (IL-3) and stem cell factor

65
Q

Cytokines for RBC development

A

EPO

66
Q

Cytokines for granulocyte-monocyte precursors

A

GM-CSF

67
Q

Granulocyte-committed progenitors

A

G-CSF

68
Q

Monocyte-macrophage progenitors

A

M-CSF

69
Q

Four types of hematopoietic responses

A

Hypoxia -> RBC
Infection -> granulo- and mono- cyte
Antigen -> lymphocyte
Hemorrhage -> platelets

70
Q

Average RBC lifespan

A

120 days

71
Q

Organs that release EPO in response to hypoxia

A

Kidney and liver

72
Q

Where is iron absorbed in the body?

A

Duodenal enterocytes of the small intestines

73
Q

Phases of Erythropoiesis

A

Ribosome synthesis -> hemoglobin accumulation -> ejection of nucleus and formation of leukocytes -> maturation to erythrocytes

74
Q

Marrow stromal cells and IL-3 stimulate GM-CSF and SC factor

A

Erythropoietin-independent stage

75
Q

Manager of RBC production and destruction balance

A

Hepcidin control

76
Q

Needed for DNA synthesis and replication

A

Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid

77
Q

Needed for hemoglobin synthesis

A

Fe

78
Q

Where is folic acid absorbed?

A

Duodenum and proximal jejunum

79
Q

Where is Vit B12 absorbed

A

Ileum

80
Q

Macrophages engulf senescent RBCs and break them into & and then &

A

Globin and heme; iron and biliverdin

81
Q

Term for reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

A

Anemia

82
Q

Anemia due to blood loss from injury or undiagnosed bleeding ulcer

A

Hemorrhagic

83
Q

Anemia due to blood loss in transfusion reactions and certain infections

A

Hemolytic

84
Q

Anemia due to destruction or inhibition of red marrow by drugs, IR, or toxins

A

Aplastic

85
Q

Anemia due to inadequate intake of a certain compound, leading to microcytes

A

Iron deficiency

86
Q

Dietary deficiency of Vit12 or inadequate production of IF for its absorption forming macrocytes

A

Pernicious anemia

87
Q

Absence or anomaly in one globin chain

A

Thalasseia

88
Q

Excess of RBCs leading to viscous blood

A

Polycythemia

89
Q

Using amoeboid motion, WBCs can squeeze between vessels to tissues to attack foreign antigen in a process called what?

A

Diapedesis

90
Q

The main function of WBCs is in ____

A

Tissues

91
Q

Earliest form of granulocyte

A

Myeloblast

92
Q

Granulocyte precursor where nucleoli had disappeared

A

Myelocyte

93
Q

Granulocyte precursor where cell differentiation stops

A

Metamyelocyte

94
Q

WBCs that increase in allergic reaction and parasitic infection

A

Eosinophil

95
Q

WBCs that function in vasodilation by releasing histamine

A

Basophils

96
Q

____ function in humoral immunity; _____ for cellular

A

B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes

97
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells

A

CD8

98
Q

Helper T-cells

A

CD4

99
Q

Lymphopoiesis is amplified by

A

Antigens

100
Q

Heavy chain rearrangement occurs in ____; light chain in____

A

pro-B and pre-B; pre-B and immature B

101
Q

Mature B lymphocyte specialized for antibody production

A

Plasma cell

102
Q

A basophil found in connective tissue; releases histamine and other substances during allergic and inflammatory reactions

A

Mast cell

103
Q

What happens to lymphoid T-cell progenitors in the thymus?

A

They acquire cell surface characteristics and commit to being either CD4 or CD8 cells

104
Q

Final maturation stage of T cells

A

Exposure to antigen in peripheral lymphoid organs

105
Q

Low leukocyte count

A

Leukopenia

106
Q

Abnormally high or abnormally low numbers of immature WBCs

A

Leukemia

107
Q

Increased in infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

A

Monocytes

108
Q

Most WBCs are immature; seen in myeloid leukemia or severe infections

A

Left shift

109
Q

Shift to more mature WBCs, hypersegmentation of PMNs, seen in pernicious anemia and Vit B deficiency

A

Right shift

110
Q

Increase in leukocyte numbers

A

Leukocytosis

111
Q

Leukocytosis in acute inflammation, pyogenic bacterial infection, tissue necrosis

A

Increased PMNs

112
Q

Leukocytosis in asthma, parasites, drugs, skin diseases, adenocarcinoma

A

Eosinophils

113
Q

Leukocytosis in viral diseases and chronic inflammation

A

Monocytosis

114
Q

Lymphocytosis is caused by

A

Collagen vascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, tuberculosis

115
Q

Excessive leukocytic response, shift to the left in response to a certain condition

A

Leukemoid reaction

116
Q

Protein regulating platelet production

A

Thrombopoietin

117
Q

Necrosis or apoptosis are processes also involved in hematopoiesis

A

Amen

118
Q

Stem cell marker

A

CD34, c-kit, rhodamine, Hoechst dyes

119
Q

B-cell markers

A

CD19, 20, 22, 79a

120
Q

T-cell markers

A

CD3, 2, 5, 4/8

121
Q

Natural Killer cell markers

A

CD16, 57, 56

122
Q

Study of blood

A

Hematology

Hematology & Immunology (1 decks)

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