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Cardio Exam 1 > 1 - Heart and Great Vessels > Flashcards

1 - Heart and Great Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Define pericardium

A

Double-walled fibroserous sac which encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels

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2
Q

Pericardium attachment

A

Attached to the sternum via the sternopericardial ligaments

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3
Q

Describe the fibrous pericardium

A
  • Fused to the central tendon of the diaphragm

- Inelastic and protects against overfilling

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4
Q

Describe the three parts of the serous pericardium

A
  • Parietal: fused to the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
  • Visceral: epicardium
  • Pericardial cavity
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5
Q

What will you find in the pericardial cavity?

A

Two sinuses

  • Oblique sinus
  • Transverse sinus
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6
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

The apex of the heart consists of the left ventricle and is located at the level of the left 5th intercostal space

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7
Q

Three surfaces of the heart

A
  • Sternocostal
  • Diaphragmatic
  • Pulmonary
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8
Q

Describe the sternocostal surface

A
  • Located on the anterior surface

- Consists of the right ventricle

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9
Q

Describe the diaphragmatic surface

A
  • Located on the inferior surface

- Consists of both ventricles, but primarily the left

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10
Q

Describe the pulmonary surface

A
  • Located on the left surface

- Consists of left ventricle (occupies the cardiac notch)

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11
Q

Four borders of the heart

A
  • Right
  • Inferior
  • Left
  • Superior
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12
Q

Describe the right border of the heart

A
  • Created by the right atrium

- Runs from the right 3rd costal cartilage to the right 6th costal cartilage

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13
Q

Describe the inferior border of the heart

A
  • Created by the right ventricle and apex of the left ventricle
  • Runs from the right 6th costal cartilage to the left 5th intercostal space
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14
Q

Describe the left border of the heart

A
  • Created by the left ventricle and left auricle

- Runs from the left 5th intercostal space to the left 2nd costal cartilage

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15
Q

Describe the superior border of the heart

A
  • Created by the right and left auricles and conus arteriosus
  • Runs from the left 2nd costal cartilage to the right 3rd costal cartilage
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16
Q

Define auricle

A
  • Resembles an earlobe

- A small muscular appendage of each atrium of the heart

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17
Q

Define conus arteriosus

A

A conical extension of the right ventricle in the heart, from which the pulmonary artery originates. Also called arterial cone, infundibulum

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18
Q

Three cardiac grooves and sulci

A

1 - Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular)
2 - Anterior interventricular groove
3 - Posterior interventricular groove

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19
Q

Describe the coronary sulcus

A

AKA atrioventricular groove

  • Sulcus that separates the atria from the ventricles
  • It contains the right coronary artery, the small cardiac vein, the coronary sinus, and the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery.
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20
Q

Describe the anterior interventricular groove

A
  • The anterior interventricular sulcus is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin.
  • The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery runs in the sulcus along with the great cardiac vein.
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21
Q

Describe the posterior interventricular groove

A
  • Located on the posterior aspect of the heart

- In it contains the posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein.

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22
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
23
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton composed of?

A

Fibrocartilagenous tissue

24
Q

Role of cardiac skeleton

A
  • Divides atria from ventricles
  • Provides barrier between atria and ventricles for conductive system
  • Provides attachment for heart valves and myocardium
25
Q

Four components of the cardiac skeleton

A

1 - Tendon of conus arteriosus
2 - Left fibrous trigone
3 - Right fibrous trigone
4 - Membranous portion of interventricular and interatrial septa

26
Q

What does the tendon of conus arteriosus connect?

A

Aortic to pulmonary semilunar valves

27
Q

What does the left fibrous trigone connect?

A

Mitral valve to aortic semilunar valves

28
Q

What does the right fibrous trigone connect?

A

Atrioventricular valves to aortic semilunar valves

29
Q

What is the fourth component again?

A

Membranous portion of the interventricular and interatrial septa

30
Q

What are the two main arterial suppliers to the heart?

A
  • Right coronary artery

- Left coronary artery

31
Q

What are the branches of the RIGHT coronary artery?

A
  • Marginal artery and posterior interventricular branches
32
Q

What anastomoses exist with the marginal artery and posterior interventricular branches?

A

Anastomoses exist with the circumflex artery

33
Q

What does the RIGHT coronary artery supply?

A
  • 60% of SA node

- AV node

34
Q

What are the branches of the LEFT coronary artery?

A
  • Circumflex artery and anterior interventricular branches
35
Q

What does the LEFT coronary artery supply?

A
  • 40% of the SA node
36
Q

Four venous drainages of the heart

A

1 - Coronary sinus
2 - Great cardiac vein
3 - Middle cardiac vein
4 - Small cardiac vein

37
Q

Describe the conducting system of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle cells and conducting fibers are specialized for initiating and conducting impulses`

38
Q

What are the three areas of the heart capable of generating an impulse?

A
  • Sinuatrial node
  • Atrioventricular node
  • Atrioventricular bundle (Purkinje fibers)
39
Q

Sinuatrial node (SA node) location

A

Located at the junction of the SVC and the right atrium

40
Q

Describe the electrical impulse of the SA node

A

Initiates impulses for contraction at 70-80 beats per minute

41
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV node) location

A

Located in the posterioinferior region of the interatrial septum near the coronary sinus

42
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A
  • If required to initiate an impulse, it does so slower at 40-60 bpm
  • Collects impulses from the atria and distributes them to the ventricles
43
Q

Where is the atrioventricular bundle (Purkinje fibers) located?

A

Located within the interventricular (IV) septum to the ventricular myocardium

It divides into right and left bundle branches

44
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular bundle (Purkinje fibers)?

A
  • If required to initiate impulses, it does so slower at 20-40 bpm
45
Q

What innervates the heart?

A

Cardiac plexus

46
Q

What supplies the cardiac plexus?

A
  • Sympathetic trunk

- Vagus

47
Q

Where are the heart valves located?

A

In an oblique line from the left 3rd costal cartilage to the right 6th costal cartilage

48
Q

Define auscultaory areas

A

Areas on the surface of the chest wall where you listen to blood flow through the valves and chambers of the heart

49
Q

What causes normal heart sounds?

A

Normal heart sounds are a result of blood turbulence upon closure of the heart valves

50
Q

Where can you hear the aortic semilunar valve?

A

Right 2nd intercostal space

51
Q

Where can you hear the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

Left 2nd intercostal space

52
Q

Where can you hear the tricuspid valve?

A

Lower left body of sternum

53
Q

Where can you hear the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

Left 5th intercostal space

Cardio Exam 1 (15 decks)

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