- Resembles an earlobe - A small muscular appendage of each atrium of the heart

1 - Heart and Great Vessels Flashcards by Andrea Okas

Define pericardium

Double-walled fibroserous sac which encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels

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Pericardium attachment

Attached to the sternum via the sternopericardial ligaments

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Describe the fibrous pericardium

Fused to the central tendon of the diaphragm

- Inelastic and protects against overfilling

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Describe the three parts of the serous pericardium

Parietal: fused to the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
Visceral: epicardium
Pericardial cavity

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What will you find in the pericardial cavity?

Two sinuses

Oblique sinus
Transverse sinus

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Where is the apex of the heart located?

The apex of the heart consists of the left ventricle and is located at the level of the left 5th intercostal space

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Three surfaces of the heart

Sternocostal
Diaphragmatic
Pulmonary

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Describe the sternocostal surface

Located on the anterior surface

- Consists of the right ventricle

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Describe the diaphragmatic surface

Located on the inferior surface

- Consists of both ventricles, but primarily the left

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Describe the pulmonary surface

Located on the left surface

- Consists of left ventricle (occupies the cardiac notch)

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Four borders of the heart

Right
Inferior
Left
Superior

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Describe the right border of the heart

Created by the right atrium

- Runs from the right 3rd costal cartilage to the right 6th costal cartilage

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Describe the inferior border of the heart

Created by the right ventricle and apex of the left ventricle
Runs from the right 6th costal cartilage to the left 5th intercostal space

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Describe the left border of the heart

Created by the left ventricle and left auricle

- Runs from the left 5th intercostal space to the left 2nd costal cartilage

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Describe the superior border of the heart

Created by the right and left auricles and conus arteriosus
Runs from the left 2nd costal cartilage to the right 3rd costal cartilage

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Define auricle

Resembles an earlobe

- A small muscular appendage of each atrium of the heart

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Define conus arteriosus

A conical extension of the right ventricle in the heart, from which the pulmonary artery originates. Also called arterial cone, infundibulum

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Three cardiac grooves and sulci

1 - Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular)
2 - Anterior interventricular groove
3 - Posterior interventricular groove

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Describe the coronary sulcus

AKA atrioventricular groove

Sulcus that separates the atria from the ventricles
It contains the right coronary artery, the small cardiac vein, the coronary sinus, and the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery.

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Describe the anterior interventricular groove

The anterior interventricular sulcus is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin.
The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery runs in the sulcus along with the great cardiac vein.

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Describe the posterior interventricular groove

Located on the posterior aspect of the heart

- In it contains the posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein.

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Four chambers of the heart

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

What is the cardiac skeleton composed of?

Fibrocartilagenous tissue

Role of cardiac skeleton

Divides atria from ventricles
Provides barrier between atria and ventricles for conductive system
Provides attachment for heart valves and myocardium

Four components of the cardiac skeleton

1 - Tendon of conus arteriosus 2 - Left fibrous trigone 3 - Right fibrous trigone 4 - Membranous portion of interventricular and interatrial septa

What does the tendon of conus arteriosus connect?

Aortic to pulmonary semilunar valves

What does the left fibrous trigone connect?

Mitral valve to aortic semilunar valves

What does the right fibrous trigone connect?

Atrioventricular valves to aortic semilunar valves

What is the fourth component again?

Membranous portion of the interventricular and interatrial septa

What are the two main arterial suppliers to the heart?

- Right coronary artery | - Left coronary artery

What are the branches of the RIGHT coronary artery?

- Marginal artery and posterior interventricular branches

What anastomoses exist with the marginal artery and posterior interventricular branches?

Anastomoses exist with the circumflex artery

What does the RIGHT coronary artery supply?

- 60% of SA node | - AV node

What are the branches of the LEFT coronary artery?

- Circumflex artery and anterior interventricular branches

What does the LEFT coronary artery supply?

- 40% of the SA node

Four venous drainages of the heart

1 - Coronary sinus 2 - Great cardiac vein 3 - Middle cardiac vein 4 - Small cardiac vein

Describe the conducting system of the heart

Cardiac muscle cells and conducting fibers are specialized for initiating and conducting impulses`

What are the three areas of the heart capable of generating an impulse?

- Sinuatrial node - Atrioventricular node - Atrioventricular bundle (Purkinje fibers)

Sinuatrial node (SA node) location

Located at the junction of the SVC and the right atrium

Describe the electrical impulse of the SA node

Initiates impulses for contraction at 70-80 beats per minute

Atrioventricular node (AV node) location

Located in the posterioinferior region of the interatrial septum near the coronary sinus

What is the function of the AV node?

- If required to initiate an impulse, it does so slower at 40-60 bpm - Collects impulses from the atria and distributes them to the ventricles

Where is the atrioventricular bundle (Purkinje fibers) located?

Located within the interventricular (IV) septum to the ventricular myocardium It divides into right and left bundle branches

What is the function of the atrioventricular bundle (Purkinje fibers)?

- If required to initiate impulses, it does so slower at 20-40 bpm

What innervates the heart?

Cardiac plexus

What supplies the cardiac plexus?

- Sympathetic trunk | - Vagus

Where are the heart valves located?

In an oblique line from the left 3rd costal cartilage to the right 6th costal cartilage

Define auscultaory areas

Areas on the surface of the chest wall where you listen to blood flow through the valves and chambers of the heart

What causes normal heart sounds?

Normal heart sounds are a result of blood turbulence upon closure of the heart valves

Where can you hear the aortic semilunar valve?

Right 2nd intercostal space

Where can you hear the pulmonary semilunar valve?

Left 2nd intercostal space

Where can you hear the tricuspid valve?

Lower left body of sternum

Where can you hear the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

Left 5th intercostal space