(1) Heart 1 - Kieran Reilly

Question 1

Trans-thoracic plane

Answer 1

At the level of the sternal angle (level with rib 2)

Horizontally posterior is the 4th and 5th vertebrae

Question 2

Superior mediastinum

Answer 2

Above the trans-thoracic plane

Question 3

Anterior mediastinum

Answer 3

Anterior to the heart, but below the trans-thoracic plane

In children and adolescents this contains the thymus - which produces T-lymphocytes

Question 4

Middle mediastinum

Answer 4

Contains the heart, is posterior to the anterior mediastinum

Question 5

Posterior mediastinum

Answer 5

Everything posterior to the pulmonary trunk

Question 6

Right border of the heart

Answer 6

Is located “parasternal” i.e. right next to the sternum

Question 7

Apex of the heart

Answer 7

Sits in the 5th intercostal space i.e. between the 5th and 6th ribs, in the mid-clavicular line

Question 8

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 8

Blood fills the pericardial space

Drained by inserting a needle inferiorly,u under the xiphysternum

Question 9

Phrenic nerve supply of the pericardia

Answer 9

Fibrous, serous and parietal pericardium

Question 10

Oblique pericardial sinus

Answer 10

Formed by the pulmonary veins entering the heart

Question 11

Transverse pericardial sinus

Answer 11

Essentially a tract

Seperates the arteries from the veins

Of surgical significance as you can clamp off important vessels during surgeries

Question 12

Orientation of the heart

Answer 12

Heart is twisted

Question 13

Right heart margin

Answer 13

Right atrium (and contains the right auricle @ the anterior aspect)

Question 14

Atrioventricular groove

Answer 14

Contains the coronary arteries

Also known as the coronary sulcus

Normally filled with fat (for protection)

Question 15

Anterior aspect

Answer 15

Right ventricle

Question 16

Inferior border

Answer 16

Right ventricle

Question 17

Interventricular groove

Answer 17

Transmits vessels

Anterior IV groove: Left anterior descending artery (LAD/coronary), great cardiac vein

Question 18

Left border

Answer 18

Left ventricle

Question 19

Anterior view of the left atrium

Answer 19

The left auricle is the only part of the left atrium that is visible from an anterior aspect

Question 20

Posterior view

Answer 20

The left atrium makes up most of the posterior aspect

Question 21

Coronary sinus

Answer 21

Major cardiac vein, runs in the posterior AV groove

Question 22

Coronary circulation

Answer 22

Two coronary arteries, they arise from under the valve flaps of the aorta

Question 23

Right coronary artery

Answer 23

Runs in the anterior AV groove

Gives off the sinoatrial nodal branch, and the right marginal branch (which supplies the bottom border)

Moves posteriorly and gives off two more branches

The AV nodal branch (at the crux of the heart) and the posterior IV branch

Question 24

Left coronary artery

Answer 24

Runs posteriorly to the pulmonary trunk as soon as it exits the aorta

Gives of the left circumflex artery (which runs into the posterior AV groove)

and the LAD artery, which runs down the anterior IV groove

Question 25

Cardiac anastomoses

Answer 25

Overlap of arterial supply

The LAD artery meets up with the posterior descending (IV branch) of the coronary artery

The right coronary artery also meets with the left circumflex posteriorly

Function: In patients with chronic ischaemia, the arteries from different areas can “pick up the slack” and respond to the insult