1 Healthcare System Flashcards
Medicine based on Average is what…
Refers to the traditional approach in which medical treatments, dosages, and therapeutic interventions are designed and administered based on the average response of a large group of people.
This approach has several limitations and is often referred to as ‘imprecision medicine.’
It is ineffective for many individuals as the one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective.
Precision medicine tailors..and is based on … models which integrates …
Tailors treatments to individual patient characteristics and is essential because standard treatments based on average patients often fail to benefit everyone. It is based on systems pharmacology multiscale model development, which** integrates ‘omes’** and individual clinical drug responses.
Personalized Medicine is tailored to.. can be 2 types … and aims to achieve most ….
Encompasses the research and administration of therapeutic interventions** tailored to individual patients**.
This includes pharmaceuticals, where medication type and dosage are determined based on a patient’s genetic makeup, lifestyle, and other personal factors,
And digital therapeutics, which use software and technology to provide personalized care.
Personalized medicine aims to achieve the most effective outcomes by considering the unique characteristics of each person.
Systems medicine
Is a network-based understanding that integrates various biological and medical datasets to inform and improve individual clinical drug responses, leading to precision medicine. It involves the integration of ‘Omes’ to individual drug responses.
Genome
Refers to the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
Epigenome
Refers to the chemical compounds that modify the genome in a way that tells it what to do, where to do it, and when to do it.
Transcriptome
Refers to the set of all RNA molecules, including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and other non-coding RNA produced in one or a population of cells.
Proteome
Refers to the entire set of proteins that is or can be expressed by genetic material, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time.
Metabolome
Refers to the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample.
Tissue/Organ
Refers to the specific tissues or organs and their health or disease states.
Exposome
Refers to all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health.
Individual drug response
Involves understanding the efficacy and adverse drug reactions (ADR) in individual patients. Factors like CYP450 metabolism, data collection, covariates, and electronic medical records play a significant role in individual drug responses.
CYP450
Metabolizes 85% of medications prescribed, and its activity can vary among different ethnicities due to genetic variations.
Data Collection
Is a significant barrier in personalization of treatment, as clinical research often does not capture the full range of data needed for effective personalization.
Covariates
Refer to characteristics and factors that influence health-related outcomes. These variables are collected by researchers to better understand relationships between factors and outcomes, including age, gender, depression, diabetes type, hypertension, and more.
Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) can help overcome… and facilitate…
Can help overcome data collection barriers by capturing a wide array of patient data. This integrated approach could enhance decision support systems for physicians and facilitate the practice of personalized medicine.
Healthcare Databases
Serve as electronic systems for storing ongoing disease-related data from pharmacies, hospitals, physicians, health insurers, and more. They are crucial in managing and analyzing healthcare data.
Digital Medicine
Involves using digital tools to upgrade the practice of medicine, making it more individualized and high-definition.
Digital Biomarkers
Are objective and quantifiable physiological and behavioral measures collected by digital devices, providing valuable data for personalized medicine.
Digital Therapeutics (DTx)
Are evidence-based therapeutic interventions driven by high-quality software programs to prevent, manage, or treat medical disorders or diseases.
One-Person Trials
Also known as N-1 trials, these involve testing medical interventions on individual patients to tailor treatments to their specific needs.
Digital Health
Encompasses the use of technology to improve health and healthcare delivery, making healthcare more efficient and patient-centered.
Personalized Medicine
Involves tailoring healthcare to individual genetic and lifestyle factors, ensuring that treatments are optimized for each person.
RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Is a longitudinal, objective, and quantitative method used to test the efficacy and safety of medical interventions through randomization of participants into intervention or control groups.
FAIR Principles
Are data standards that ensure data is findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, promoting data quality and usability in research.
ALCOA Standards
Are criteria for data quality, including being attributable, legible, contemporaneous, original, and accurate, ensuring data integrity in research.
Digital Biomarkers
Are digital indicators of health status captured through technology, providing valuable insights into patients’ well-being.
Data Integrity
Refers to the accuracy and consistency of data throughout its lifecycle, ensuring the reliability of research findings.
Patient Empowerment
Involves patients taking an active role in managing their health and care, making informed decisions about their treatment.
Smart Care
Is a healthcare delivery approach that uses technology to enhance treatment outcomes and improve patient care.
Empowered Care
Is a healthcare approach that enables patients to take an active role in their well-being and healthcare decisions.
Healthcare System
Encompasses the comprehensive network of healthcare delivery, including providers, institutions, and resources.
Ligand (something that binds)
In a biochemical context, it is a molecule that binds to another molecule, often a protein such as an enzyme, receptor, or antibody.
Drug Discovery Process - Which step if ligand is to identified that interacts with a target that could pot. Influence beneficially?
Involves identifying a ligand as a ‘hit’ when it interacts with a target in a way that could potentially influence the disease process beneficially.
Drug Discovery Process - Hit to Lead
A ‘hit’ can become a ‘lead’ after further validation and optimization. Leads are optimized for better specificity, potency, safety, and efficacy.
Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)
Refers to the relationship between a compound’s chemical structure and its biological activity. Machine learning models can analyze and predict SAR, aiding drug discovery.
AI in Drug Discovery - SAR Prediction
AI is used to predict SAR, helping to understand how changes in the molecular structure of compounds might impact their biological activity and effectiveness as drugs.
ADME(T) - Absorption
Distribution
ADME(T) - Toxicity Potential
Evaluating the potential for toxicity is vital to ensure the safety of a compound.
Engineered Feature-Based Strategy
Involves using predefined molecular descriptors and machine learning techniques to improve predictive models in drug discovery.
Task-Specific Feature-Based Strategy
Uses raw molecular structures and deep learning methods to extract features and make predictions in drug discovery.
Large Proteins as Drugs
Include recombinant proteins and antibodies. Recombinant proteins are genetically engineered, while antibodies can bind to specific antigens, making them useful for various treatments.
Human Genome
Contains thousands of genes encoding secreted proteins, providing a vast potential for the development of novel therapeutics.
Antibodies
Large molecules with variable regions at their tips that can bind to specific antigens, allowing them to recognize and neutralize pathogens.
Antibody Repertoires
Refer to the diverse collection of antibodies that an organism’s immune system possesses. They play a crucial role in immunology research and vaccine development.
Natural Antibody Repertoires
Include antibodies naturally produced by an organism’s immune system in response to pathogens and environmental factors.
Synthetic Antibody Repertoires
Are collections of de novo antibodies created through biotechnological processes.
Antibody Clonal Repertoire
Is the total diversity of unique antibody clones present within an individual at any given time.
