1 Healthcare System

Question 1

Medicine based on Average is what…

Answer 1

Refers to the traditional approach in which medical treatments, dosages, and therapeutic interventions are designed and administered based on the average response of a large group of people.

This approach has several limitations and is often referred to as ‘imprecision medicine.’

It is ineffective for many individuals as the one-size-fits-all approach is ineffective.

Question 2

Precision medicine tailors..and is based on … models which integrates …

Answer 2

Tailors treatments to individual patient characteristics and is essential because standard treatments based on average patients often fail to benefit everyone. It is based on systems pharmacology multiscale model development, which** integrates ‘omes’** and individual clinical drug responses.

Question 3

Personalized Medicine is tailored to.. can be 2 types … and aims to achieve most ….

Answer 3

Encompasses the research and administration of therapeutic interventions** tailored to individual patients**.

This includes pharmaceuticals, where medication type and dosage are determined based on a patient’s genetic makeup, lifestyle, and other personal factors,

And digital therapeutics, which use software and technology to provide personalized care.
Personalized medicine aims to achieve the most effective outcomes by considering the unique characteristics of each person.

Question 4

Systems medicine

Answer 4

Is a network-based understanding that integrates various biological and medical datasets to inform and improve individual clinical drug responses, leading to precision medicine. It involves the integration of ‘Omes’ to individual drug responses.

Question 5

Genome

Answer 5

Refers to the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Question 6

Epigenome

Answer 6

Refers to the chemical compounds that modify the genome in a way that tells it what to do, where to do it, and when to do it.

Question 7

Transcriptome

Answer 7

Refers to the set of all RNA molecules, including mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and other non-coding RNA produced in one or a population of cells.

Question 8

Proteome

Answer 8

Refers to the entire set of proteins that is or can be expressed by genetic material, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time.

Question 9

Metabolome

Answer 9

Refers to the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample.

Question 10

Tissue/Organ

Answer 10

Refers to the specific tissues or organs and their health or disease states.

Question 11

Exposome

Answer 11

Refers to all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health.

Question 12

Individual drug response

Answer 12

Involves understanding the efficacy and adverse drug reactions (ADR) in individual patients. Factors like CYP450 metabolism, data collection, covariates, and electronic medical records play a significant role in individual drug responses.

Question 13

CYP450

Answer 13

Metabolizes 85% of medications prescribed, and its activity can vary among different ethnicities due to genetic variations.

Question 14

Data Collection

Answer 14

Is a significant barrier in personalization of treatment, as clinical research often does not capture the full range of data needed for effective personalization.

Question 15

Covariates

Answer 15

Refer to characteristics and factors that influence health-related outcomes. These variables are collected by researchers to better understand relationships between factors and outcomes, including age, gender, depression, diabetes type, hypertension, and more.

Question 16

Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) can help overcome… and facilitate…

Answer 16

Can help overcome data collection barriers by capturing a wide array of patient data. This integrated approach could enhance decision support systems for physicians and facilitate the practice of personalized medicine.

Question 17

Healthcare Databases

Answer 17

Serve as electronic systems for storing ongoing disease-related data from pharmacies, hospitals, physicians, health insurers, and more. They are crucial in managing and analyzing healthcare data.

Question 18

Digital Medicine

Answer 18

Involves using digital tools to upgrade the practice of medicine, making it more individualized and high-definition.

Question 19

Digital Biomarkers

Answer 19

Are objective and quantifiable physiological and behavioral measures collected by digital devices, providing valuable data for personalized medicine.

Question 20

Digital Therapeutics (DTx)

Answer 20

Are evidence-based therapeutic interventions driven by high-quality software programs to prevent, manage, or treat medical disorders or diseases.

Question 21

One-Person Trials

Answer 21

Also known as N-1 trials, these involve testing medical interventions on individual patients to tailor treatments to their specific needs.

Question 22

Digital Health

Answer 22

Encompasses the use of technology to improve health and healthcare delivery, making healthcare more efficient and patient-centered.

Question 23

Personalized Medicine

Answer 23

Involves tailoring healthcare to individual genetic and lifestyle factors, ensuring that treatments are optimized for each person.

Question 24

RCT (Randomized Controlled Trial)

Answer 24

Is a longitudinal, objective, and quantitative method used to test the efficacy and safety of medical interventions through randomization of participants into intervention or control groups.

Question 25

FAIR Principles

Answer 25

Are data standards that ensure data is findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable, promoting data quality and usability in research.

Question 26

ALCOA Standards

Answer 26

Are criteria for data quality, including being attributable, legible, contemporaneous, original, and accurate, ensuring data integrity in research.

Question 27

Digital Biomarkers

Answer 27

Are digital indicators of health status captured through technology, providing valuable insights into patients’ well-being.

Question 28

Data Integrity

Answer 28

Refers to the accuracy and consistency of data throughout its lifecycle, ensuring the reliability of research findings.

Question 29

Patient Empowerment

Answer 29

Involves patients taking an active role in managing their health and care, making informed decisions about their treatment.

Question 30

Smart Care

Answer 30

Is a healthcare delivery approach that uses technology to enhance treatment outcomes and improve patient care.

Question 31

Empowered Care

Answer 31

Is a healthcare approach that enables patients to take an active role in their well-being and healthcare decisions.

Question 32

Healthcare System

Answer 32

Encompasses the comprehensive network of healthcare delivery, including providers, institutions, and resources.

Question 33

Ligand (something that binds)

Answer 33

In a biochemical context, it is a molecule that binds to another molecule, often a protein such as an enzyme, receptor, or antibody.

Question 34

Drug Discovery Process - Which step if ligand is to identified that interacts with a target that could pot. Influence beneficially?

Answer 34

Involves identifying a ligand as a ‘hit’ when it interacts with a target in a way that could potentially influence the disease process beneficially.

Question 35

Drug Discovery Process - Hit to Lead

Answer 35

A ‘hit’ can become a ‘lead’ after further validation and optimization. Leads are optimized for better specificity, potency, safety, and efficacy.

Question 36

Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR)

Answer 36

Refers to the relationship between a compound’s chemical structure and its biological activity. Machine learning models can analyze and predict SAR, aiding drug discovery.

Question 37

AI in Drug Discovery - SAR Prediction

Answer 37

AI is used to predict SAR, helping to understand how changes in the molecular structure of compounds might impact their biological activity and effectiveness as drugs.

Question 38

ADME(T) - Absorption

Answer 38

Distribution

Question 39

ADME(T) - Toxicity Potential

Answer 39

Evaluating the potential for toxicity is vital to ensure the safety of a compound.

Question 40

Engineered Feature-Based Strategy

Answer 40

Involves using predefined molecular descriptors and machine learning techniques to improve predictive models in drug discovery.

Question 41

Task-Specific Feature-Based Strategy

Answer 41

Uses raw molecular structures and deep learning methods to extract features and make predictions in drug discovery.

Question 42

Large Proteins as Drugs

Answer 42

Include recombinant proteins and antibodies. Recombinant proteins are genetically engineered, while antibodies can bind to specific antigens, making them useful for various treatments.

Question 43

Human Genome

Answer 43

Contains thousands of genes encoding secreted proteins, providing a vast potential for the development of novel therapeutics.

Question 44

Antibodies

Answer 44

Large molecules with variable regions at their tips that can bind to specific antigens, allowing them to recognize and neutralize pathogens.

Question 45

Antibody Repertoires

Answer 45

Refer to the diverse collection of antibodies that an organism’s immune system possesses. They play a crucial role in immunology research and vaccine development.

Question 46

Natural Antibody Repertoires

Answer 46

Include antibodies naturally produced by an organism’s immune system in response to pathogens and environmental factors.

Question 47

Synthetic Antibody Repertoires

Answer 47

Are collections of de novo antibodies created through biotechnological processes.

Question 48

Antibody Clonal Repertoire

Answer 48

Is the total diversity of unique antibody clones present within an individual at any given time.