1. HCCD CH 2. Vocab - Brittany Smith

Question 1

The Gulf of Execution

Answer 1

When people use something, they face two gulfs, (execution and evaluation.) Execution is where they try to figure out how it operates.

-Bridge the Gulf of Execution through the use of signifiers, constraints, mappings, and a conceptual model.

Question 2

The Gulf of Evaluation

Answer 2

The Gulf of Evaluation reflects the amount of effort that the person must make to interpret the physical state of the device and determine how well the expectations and inventions have been met.

-Bridge the Gulf of Evaluation through the use of feedback and a conceptual model.

Question 3

The 7 Stages of Action

Answer 3

1. Goal - form the goal.
2. Plan - the action.
3. Specify - an action sequence.
4. Perform - the action sequence.
5. Perceive - the state of the world.
6. Interpret - the outcome with the goal.
7. Compare - the outcome with the goal.

Question 4

Event-Driven Behavior

Answer 4

The sequence starts with the world, causing evaluation of the state and the formulation of a goal.

Question 5

Root Cause Analysis

Answer 5

Asking “Why?” Until the ultimate, fundamental cause of the activity is reached.

Question 6

Opportunistic Actions

Answer 6

Are those in which the behavior takes advantage of circumstances. Are less precise and certain than specified goals and intentions, but they result in less mental effort, less inconvenience, and perhaps more interest.

Question 7

Theodore Levitt

Answer 7

Harvard Business School Marketing Professor: Pointed out that “People don’t want to buy a quarter-inch drill. They want a quarter-inch hole.”

Question 8

Reflective

Answer 8

Most of the brain’s operations are subconscious, hidden beneath our awareness. It is only the highest level, the reflective that is conscious.

Question 9

Over Learning

Answer 9

Conscious attention is necessary to learn most things but after the initial learning, continued practice, and study, sometimes for thousands of hours over a period of years, produces what psychologists call “overlearning.”

Question 10

Declarative Memory

Answer 10

Memory for factual information.

Question 11

Procedural Memory

Answer 11

Recalling the activities you performed to do a certain task such as which side of the door was the doorknob of your 3rd prior home.

Question 12

Cognition

Answer 12

Attempts to make sense of the world. Provides understanding.

Question 13

Emotional System

Answer 13

Determines whether a situation is safe or threatening.

Question 14

Conscious

Answer 14

Slow, controlled, limited resources, invoked for novel situations when learning, when in danger, and when things go wrong.

Question 15

Subconscious

Answer 15

Fast, Automatic, Multiple Resources, Controls Skilled Behavior.

Question 16

3 Levels of Processing

Answer 16

Visceral, Behavioral, and Reflective

Question 17

Visceral Level of Processing

Answer 17

“The lizard brain.” The most basic level of processing. Stand at the edge of a cliff and you will experience a visceral response.

Question 18

Behavioral Level of Processing

Answer 18

Is the home of learning skills, triggered by situations that match the appropriate patterns.
Example: When we speak we often do not know what we are about to say until our conscious mind (the reflective part of the mind) hears ourselves uttering the words.

Question 19

Feedforward

Answer 19

Is accomplished through the appropriate use of signifiers, constraints, and mappings. The information that helps answer questions of execution (doing) is feedforward.

Question 20

Conceptual Models

Answer 20

Are stories that someone makes up to help them understand what they observed or how something works.

Question 21

Reflective Level of Processing

Answer 21

Is the home of conscious cognition. As a consequence, this is where deep understanding develops, where reasoning and conscious decision making takes place.

• The highest level of emotions comes from this level. For it is here that causes are assigned and where predictions of the future take place.
• Emotion and cognition are tightly interwound.

Question 22

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Answer 22

Social scientist. Labeled what is called the “flow.” an important emotional state that accompanies complete immersion into an activity. When a person is in the flow state, they lose track of time and the outside environment.

Question 23

7 Fundamental Principles of Design.

Answer 23

1. Discoverability
2. Feedback
3. Conceptual Model
4. Affordances
5. Signifiers
6. Mappings
7. Constraints.