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GCSE - Geography > 1 - Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

1 - Hazardous Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain Atmospheric Circulation

A
  1. Warm air rises at the ITCZ due to intense heating (low pressure)
  2. Air cools and falls (high pressure).
  3. The difference in pressure causes trade winds to bring the air back to the ITCZ
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2
Q

Why are trade winds curved?

A

Due to the Coriolanus effect the winds are curved.

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3
Q

Why is their intense heating?

A

The high angle causes the sun’s UV to be concentrated.

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4
Q

How are ocean currents powered?

A

Wind from the atmospheric circulation cells. OR due to differences in pressure.

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5
Q

Density and ocean currents.

A

At Arctic and Antarctic water water is cooled = low density, it sinks. Warmer water is pulled in. The cycle repeats.

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6
Q

Effect of global circulation

A

Transfer heat around the world.

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7
Q

Natural Climate Change: 2 periods

A

Interglacials and Glacials

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8
Q

How is past climate data collected?

A

Using ice-core data.

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9
Q

Causes of Natural Climate change.

A 
Milankovich cycle (orbital), 
Sun radiation change,
Volcanic eruptions,
Asteroid Collisions,
Ocean currents.
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10
Q

Milankovich Cycle

A

Every 100,000 years the orbit changes shape.

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11
Q

Sun radiation change.

A

Sunspots - more intense

More solar flares.

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12
Q

Volcanic eruptions

A

Pump ash into atmosphere blocking sunlight - cooling.

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13
Q

Asteroid collisions.

A

Debris can block sun - cooling.

Fires release CO2 - global warming.

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14
Q

Ocean currents and climate change.

A

Currents shift directing warm water elsewhere.

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15
Q

Human causes of Climate Change.

A

Industry,
Transport,
Energy Production,
Farming.

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16
Q

Explain Greenhouse effect.

A
  1. UV reaches atmosphere, some is reflected.
  2. Land and oceans absorb heat.
  3. Infrared is emitted, and is trapped because of greenhouse gases.
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17
Q

Human climate change and global temperatures

A

Rising,

2015: +1C from 1850

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18
Q

Human climate change and CO2

A

Rising in parallel with global temperatures.

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19
Q

Human climate change and ocean temperature.

A

Rising by 0.11C per decade (1971 - 2010)

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20
Q

Human climate change and arctic sea ice.

A

Covers 13% less each decade

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21
Q

Human climate change and sea levels

A

Risen by 14cm in 21st century.

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22
Q

Human climate change and extreme weather.

A

5x more common vs a century ago.

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23
Q

Consequences of Global Warming.

A

Coastal flooding, biodiversity loss, extreme weather, pests and disease, loss of glaciers, draughts

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24
Q

Tropical cyclone names

A

Hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons

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25
Q

Required water temperature for tropical cyclones

A

26.5C

26
Q

Latitude where tropical cyclones form.

A

5 to 30

27
Q

Tropical cyclones and pressure.

A

Low pressure - As warm air rises it draws in more air.

28
Q

Tropical Cyclones and rotation

A

Coriolis effect causes a spiral rotation

29
Q

Tropical cyclones and structure

A
  • Cylinder of rising spiralling air (low pressure)

- EYE: descending high pressure air.

30
Q

Tropical Cyclones and size

A

UP to 640km x 10km high

31
Q

Tropical Cyclones and movement.

A

Start: Warm tropic water, move westwards.
Some: reach belt of winds blowing west and reverses direction.
Can travel 640km in a day

32
Q

Saffir Simpson scale and wind speed (1->5)

A

Increases:

  1. 119-153km/h
  2. 252+km/h
33
Q

Saffir Simpson scale and pressure.

A

Reduces

1: 980+ millibar
5: <920 millibar

34
Q

Saffir Simpson scale and storm surge.

A

Increases:

1: 1 -> 1.7m
5: >5.7m

35
Q

Category 5 damage

A

Catastophic

36
Q

Category 1 damage

A

Some damage.

37
Q

Cyclone intensifier

A

Water temperature
Low wind shear (different speeds/directions)
High humidity

38
Q

Cyclone dissipaters

A 
Reach land (no water to power it)
Reaches colder water

Wind shear

39
Q

Formation of Tropical Cyclone

A
  1. Warm sea temperatures
  2. High humidity
  3. Rapid cooling - condensing causes energy release (latent heat)
  4. Coriolis effect causes rotation (not enough at 5)
  5. Pre-existing low pressure, storms merge.
40
Q

Layers of the Earth.

A

Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, outer core, inner core

41
Q

What powers the core

A

Nuclear decay.

42
Q

Inner core conditions

A

6000C
High pressure
Solid iron

43
Q

Outer Core

A

5000C
Liquid
iron and nickel

44
Q

Asphenosphere

A

Plastic region,

Under enough pressure that rocks flow

45
Q

Lower Mantle

A

3000C

46
Q

Lithosphere

A

Solid

Tectonic plates.

47
Q

Convection currents and plate movement

A

Heat from core causes rising towards surface. The force moves plates. Falls towards core to be reheated.

48
Q

Density and the lithosphere

A

Continental Crust : Granite (Less dense)
Oceanic Crust: Basalt (more dense)
BOTH less dense than asthenosphere.

49
Q

Convergent Plate boundary

A

2 plates converge

denser plate subducts

50
Q

Collision plate boundary.

A

2 plates converge

Equal density, forming fold mountains

51
Q

Divergent plate boundary

A

Rising magma from convection currents pull apart 2 plates causing volcanic ridge.
Many earthquakes.

52
Q

Conservative

A

2 plates slide along.

Many earthquakes

53
Q

Shield volcano

A

Constructive boundary (divergent) OR hotspots.
Basaltic lava.
Gentle sloping sides, wide base
Frequent but effusive eruptions

54
Q

Composite (strato volcano)

A

Andesic lava
Steep sides, narrow base
Layers from previous eruptions
Infrequent but explosive eruptions

55
Q

Basaltic lava

A

Low viscosity - travels far

Low silica and gas content

56
Q

Andesic lava

A

High viscosity - not as far
Less hot
High silica and gas content

57
Q

Epicentre

A

Point on surface above focus.

58
Q

Focus (hypocentre)

A

Central point underground

59
Q

Primary impacts of Earthquakes

A

Death, injury

Destruction of buildings and infrastructure

60
Q

Secondary impacts of earthquakes

A

Fires from fractured gas pipes and electricity pylons

Landslides

Disease, no sanitation

Tsunami

61
Q

Primary impacts of volcanoes

A

Death, injury

Destruction of buildings, infrastructure and farmland

62
Q

Secondary impacts of volcanoes

A 
Atmospheric pollution (ash)
Mudflows (lahars)
Landslides
Flooding by diverted river
Tsunamis by landslide or cliff collapse.

GCSE - Geography (2 decks)

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