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Haematology Sem 1 > 1. Haempoeisis > Flashcards

1. Haempoeisis Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematology?

A

The study of blood. The diagnosis and monitoring of diseases of the blood and blood organs

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2
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

The process by which cellular elements of the blood are formed

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3
Q

What is the most numerous type of blood cell?

A

Red blood cells

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4
Q

What is the normal range of a red blood cell?

A

4.0-5.5 x10^12/L

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5
Q

What size are red blood cells?

A

6.7-7.7 um diameter

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6
Q

What shape are the red blood cells?

A

Bi concave

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7
Q

What is the normal life span of a red blood cell?

A

110-120 days

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8
Q

What is the least numerous type of cell?

A

White blood cells

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9
Q

What is the normal range of a white blood cell?

A

3.5-10 x10^9/L

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10
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A

lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosionphils, basophils and monocytes

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11
Q

What is the normal range for a lymphocyte?

A

1.2-3.5 x10^9

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12
Q

What is the purpose of lymphocytes?

A

Fight viral infections and produce antibodies

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13
Q

What is the life span of a lymphocyte?

A

4/5 years

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14
Q

What is a granulocyte?

A

White blood cells that contain granules in their cytoplasm

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15
Q

What are the three types of granulocyte?

A

neurophils, basophils and eosinophils

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16
Q

What is the normal range of neutrophils?

A

1.5-7.5 x10^9/L

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17
Q

What is the purpose of neutrophils

A

To fight against bacterial infections. Pus cells. Phagocytic.

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18
Q

What do neutrophils look like?

A

3 lobes with fine, faint granules.

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19
Q

What is the half life of a neutrophil?

A

7 hours

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20
Q

What is the normal range of an eosinophil?

A

0.03-0.6 x10^9/L

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21
Q

What is the role of an eosinophil?

A

Release histamine in allergic reactions. Regulate hypersensitivity reactions. Effector cell for antibody-dependent damage to parasite.

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22
Q

How many lobes do eosinophils have?

A

2

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23
Q

What is the normal range for basophils?

A

0.01-0.15x10^9/L

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24
Q

What do basophils look like?

A

Two lobes with dark asurophilic granules.

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25
Q

What do the granules in basophils contain?

A

Enzymes

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26
Q

What is the purpose of basophils?

A

Moderate inflammatory response. Releases heparin and proteases

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27
Q

What is the normal range for a monocyte?

A

0.2-0.8x10^9/L

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28
Q

What is the purpose of a monocyte?

A

To fight bacterial infections

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29
Q

Which two white blood cells fight bacterial infection? Which fight viral?

A

Bacterial: monocyte and neutrophil. Viral: lymphocyte

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30
Q

Which white blood cell releases histamines?

A

Eosinophils

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31
Q

Which white blood cells cause moderate swelling?

A

Basophils

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32
Q

Which white blood cells are responsible for pus?

A

Neutrophils

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33
Q

What is are monocytes precursors for?

A

Macrophages

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34
Q

What is the purpose of a monocyte?

A

To phagocytose bacteria and cells coated with antibodies

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35
Q

What is the lifespan of a monoctye?

A

70 hours

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36
Q

What is the normal range of a platelet?

A

150-400 x10^9/L

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37
Q

What is the structure of a platelet?

A

Discoid shape, 3-5ums

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38
Q

What is the life span of a platelet

A

7-10 days

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39
Q

What is the purpose of platelets?

A

Blood clotting (plug at site of injury - primary haemostasis)

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40
Q

What is the site of haemopoiesis in a 2 week old embryo?

A

Yolk sac

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41
Q

What is the site of haemopoiesis in a 12-16 year old embryo?

A

Liver and spleen

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42
Q

What is the site of haemopoiesis at birth?

A

Bone marrow of all bones

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43
Q

What is the site of haemopoisis in an adult?

A

Proximal ends of long bones, flat bones (sternum), pelvis and vertibrae

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44
Q

What is the difference between yellow marrow and red marrow?

A

Yellow marrow is inactive marrow, red is activated

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45
Q

What are the three stages of haemopoeisis?

A

Proliferation, Differentiation, Apoptosis

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46
Q

What regulates haemopoeis?

A

Growth factors

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47
Q

What are the names of the two groups of growth factors that regulate haemopoiesis?

A

Colony stimulated factors, interleukins

48
Q

What are haemopoeitic growth factors?

A

Glycoprotiens

49
Q

Where are haemopoetic growth factors produced?

A

By stroma cells in T lymphocytes, liver and kidneys

50
Q

What is a haemopoeitic stem cell?

A

A cell from which all blood cells form. It can develop into a seperate lineage

51
Q

From what is a haemopoetic stem cell originate from?

A

Mesoderm of embryonic development

52
Q

Where are haemopeitic stem cells located?

A

Bone marrow

53
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Red blood cell production

54
Q

What regulates erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin

55
Q

What is the earliest precursor for erythropoiesis?

A

Proerythrocyte (BM-pronormoblast)

56
Q

What is another name for a proeyrthrocye?

A

BM-pronormoblast

57
Q

What are the names of the normoblasts when they divide (the different stages)?

A

early, intermediate, late

58
Q

What is the name of a red blood cell stem cell?

A

Haemocytoblast

59
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

An immature red blood cell who’s nucleus contains ribosomal RNA

60
Q

What is nuclear extrusion?

A

When a nucleus is forced or moved out of a cell

61
Q

Describe the steps in erythropoiesis?

A

Haemocytoblast, pronormoblast, erythroblast, normoblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Erythropoeisis begins in the red bone marrow of long bones, flat bones (sternum, vertibrae and pelvic bone.

1) Haemocytoblasts (that have arisen from the mesemchyme) are able to give rise to red blood cells and all other blood cells. They are unipotent haemopoietic stem cells.
2) The haemocytoblasts commits to becoming blood cells and differentiates into proerythrocytes (myeloid poginator/pluripotent stem cell). The proerythrocyte is able to self-renew so that blood cells can be constantly formed.
3) Phase 1: Pronormoblasts receives signals from erythopeitin to become a red blood cell. The cell begins ribosome synthesis and becomes an early erythoblast.
4) Phase 2: Haemoglobin accumulated in the erythoblast, changing the erthyrocyte from early-stage to late-stage erythoblast. The late erythoblast becomes a normoblast.
5) Phase 3: The normoblast ejects the nucleus (nuclear extrusion) and other organelles (such as mitochondria). The normoblast becomes a reiticuloctye. Although the cell is now enucleated, it is still capable of producing haemoglobin.
6) The reticulocyte leaves the bone marrow and enters circulation to become an erythrocyte. 1% of newly circulating RBCs are reticulocytes.

62
Q

What shape are erythocytes?

A

Bi concave

63
Q

What advantage do the RBCs have by having a biconcave shape?

A

They are flexible and therefore able to pass through the membrane of capillaries. Biconcave means they have a greater surface area to volume ratio so maximum oxygen/CO2 transportation.

64
Q

How long do red blood cells circulate?

A

110-120 days

65
Q

What causes the death of red blood cells?

A

Loss of red-cell enzyme causes them to lose their shape and flexibility.

66
Q

Where are RBCs destroyed?

A

Bone marrow, spleen and liver

67
Q

What of the cellular components can be recycled?

A

The protein, lipids and iron

68
Q

What happens to the components that cannot be recycled?

A

They are excreted through the liver to faeces and urine

69
Q

Are RBCs able to traverse the endothelial membrane? (what lines the blood vessels)

A

No

70
Q

What is granulopoiesis?

A

The formation of granulocytes neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

71
Q

Which are the most numerous granulocytes in circulation?

A

Neurophils

72
Q

How long are neutrophils in circulation?

A

10 hours

73
Q

What are granulocytes produced from?

A

Myeloid precursor cells

74
Q

What regulates granulopoeisis?

A

haemopoietic growth factors

75
Q

What are the haemopoietic growth factors that regulate grabulopoiesis?

A

IL3, GM-CSF, IL5

76
Q

What does growth factor IL3 regulate?

A

Nuerophils, monocytes and basophils

77
Q

What does growth factor IL5 regulate?

A

eosinophils

78
Q

What does GM CSF

A

granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

79
Q

What are the stages of granulopoiesis?

A

haemopoietic stem cell (haemocytoblast), myeblast, promyelocyte, esosino/neutro/baso myelocytes, metamyelocyte, band cell (stab cell), mature granulocyte

80
Q

What is monocytopoiesis?

A

The production of monocytes (macrophages)

81
Q

What are the stages of monocytopoiesis?

A

1) Haemoctoblast to common myeloid proginator
2) myeloid proginator to monoblast
3) monoblast to promonocyte
4) promonocyte to marrow monocyte
5) marrow monocyte to blood monocyte
6) blood monocyte to tissue macrophage

82
Q

Why aren’t macrophages not ‘important; in haematology?

A

They cant be seen in peripheral blood (only in tissues) so not imporant

83
Q

What is the purpose of blood monocytes?

A

They phagocytose and destroy bacteria

84
Q

How long to blood monocytes last in circulation?

A

20-40 hours

85
Q

Descibe the appeance of blood monocytes

A

Greyish cytoplasm, variable morphology (shapes), mono nuclear

86
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A

Lyphopoiesis is the generation of lyphocytes (5 types of white blood cells)

87
Q

What growth factors regulate lymphopoiesis?

A

IL 1, 2, 4, 6, 7

88
Q

What is the process of lymphopoiesis?

A

1) haemoctyoblast to myeloid progenitor
2) myeloid proginator to lymphobast
3) prolymphoblast to large lymphoctye
4) large lymphoctye to small lymphocyte
5) small lymphocytes undergo either B or T lymphopoiesis

89
Q

What are the two types of lymphoctyes?

A

B and T

90
Q

Describe B cell lymphocytic development

A

Haemocytoblastic cells to myeloid pregenitor to lymphocytic (pluripotent) stem cells

1) lymphoctye stem cells found in the bone marrow
2) B lymphoctye proginators are generated from the lymphoctye stem cells
3) B cells generate and mature in the bone marrow
4) B cells migrate via the blood to peripheral lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes)

91
Q

Describe T cell lymphocytic development

A

Haemocytoblastic cells to myeloid pregenitor to lymphocytic (pluripotent) stem cells

1) Lymphocytic stem cells are found in bone marrow
2) T cell Lymphocyte proginators develop from the lymphocytic stem cells
3) T cells are generated in the bone marrow but migrate to the blood to the thymus
4) They mature in the thymus
5) T cells then migrate to peripheral lymph organs

92
Q

What type of immmunity does the B cells produce?

A

Hummoral immunity (blood immunity)

93
Q

How to B cells carry our their jobs?

A

As B cells are in lymph nodes, they recieve a constant supply of antigens from lymph.

1) Receptors on the surface of B cells recognise foreign antigens
2) When foreign antigens are detected in the blood, the B cells proliferate
3) B cells secrete antibodies against foreign antigen
4) Can produce rapid response to further contact with invading antigen

94
Q

How to T cells carry out their jobs?

A

1) T cell antigen is antigen specific therefore antigens must be presented to T cells by macrophages (after being processed)
2) T cell is activated and can proliferate into: T helper, T memory, T regulatory, T cytotoxic and Natural Killer cells

95
Q

What kind of immunity do T cells provide?

A

Cellular immunity

96
Q

What is the purpose of thrombopoiesis?

A

Thrombocyte generation (platelet development that can be used in blood blood clotting)

97
Q

Why is platelet production important?

A

For blood clotting. They form plug at site of injury.

98
Q

What regulates thrombopoiesis?

A

Thrombopoeitin

99
Q

What do platelets interact with to form a barrier against blood loss?

A

Von Willebran factor

100
Q

Platelet aggregation causes what?

A

Barrier to blood loss. Thrombus.

101
Q

What surface do platelets provide to support wound healing?

A

Negatively charged lipid surface which supports coagulation

102
Q

What do platelets do? 6

A

1) provides barrier to blood loss using Von Willebran factor
2) aggregate to form thrombus
3) create negatively charged lipid surface to support coagulation
4) Localises thrombus formation
5) Promotes vasoconstriction
6) Promotes vessel repair

103
Q

What is the process of thrombopoiesis?

A

haemocytoblast cell has become undergone myeloid proginator
myeloid proginator to megakayroblast
megakaryoblast to promegakaryocyte
promegakaryocyte to megakaryocyte
megakaryocyte to platelet (platelets discharge from megakaryoctye)

104
Q

What kind of DNA replication does thrombopoeisi involve?

A

Endomitotic replication

105
Q

What is endomitotic replication?

A

Replication of DNA without nuclear division.

106
Q

What happens to a cell at the end of a cycle of endomitotic replication?

A

The cell becomes larger with each replication. The cell is a large uni-nucleated cell with 64n DNA and has large cytoplast

107
Q

Where are platelets formed?

A

Cytoplasm of mature megakayrocyte.

108
Q

Where do platelets go after they have been discharged from the megakarycyte?

A

The bone marrow

109
Q

What happens to the nucleus of the megakaryoctyes after they have released the platelets?

A

Engulfed by macrophages and phagocytosed

110
Q

How long does thrombopoeisis take?

A

2-3 days

111
Q

How many platelets can be made from each macrophage?

A

200-700 platelets

112
Q

What shape are platelets?

A

Discoid

113
Q

Are platlets dormant or active in blood?

A

Dormant

114
Q

How do platlets circulate in regards to blood vessels?

A

At the edge of blood vessels due to shape

115
Q

What is primary haemostasis?

A

It is platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation. It leads to plug formation and triggers secondary haemostasis.

116
Q

When is secondary haemostasis triggered?

A

When primary haemostasis was not sufficient to stop bleed. Reinforments is needed via biochemical reactions

117
Q

What happens during secondary haemostasis?

A

soluble fibrinogen is transformed to insoluble fibrin. Fibrin intertwines with cells of the forming thrombus to form a ‘scaffold’.

Haematology Sem 1 (8 decks)

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