1. Haematology - Whole Blood

Question 1

What is the GENERAL composition of blood (with %)?

Answer 1

Blood is 8% of total body weight, and it has
Plasma 55%
Formed elements 45%

Question 2

What is the composition of plasma(55% of 8% of blood)?

Answer 2

• Water
• Ions
• Trace elements and vitamins
• Gases (CO2 and O2)
• Organic molecules, such as
  
  • Amino acids
  • glucose
  • lipids
  • nitrogeneous waste
• Proteins
  
  • albumins
  • globulins
  • fibrinogens

Question 3

What is the composition of cellular elements(45% of 8% of blood)?

Answer 3

• RBCs
• Platelets
• WBCs

Question 4

WHat do white blood cells consist of?

Answer 4

• lymphocytes
• monocytes
• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

Question 5

Name and explain all 8 functions of blood, which center around transport and homeostasis

Answer 5

1. Repiration
   O2 in and CO2 out
2. Nutritive
   Transporting nutrients from gut to tissues and organs
3. Clearance of waste
   Sweat out of skin, urine out of kidneys, CO2 out of lungs
4. Thermo.homeostasis
   Regulation of heat in the skin and tissues
5. Communication
   Endocrine system and hormones
6. Supplies buffers need for pH homeostasis
7. Controls intra-/extracelluar distribution of water
8. Protections
   WBCs and immune bodies -> areas of infection and
   Blood platelets -? areas of hemorrhage

Question 6

Give the blood volumes in adult males and females and newborns

Answer 6

Adult male (70kg): 5 - 5.5L 
Adult female (70kg): 4.5 - 5L (more fat)
Newborns: 300ml 

contributes to 7-8& of body mass

Question 7

Define plasma

Answer 7

fluid phase of blood

Question 8

Define serum

Answer 8

when blood clots, fibrinogen is used, the remaining fluid is serum

Question 9

Define hematocrit and give its formula

Answer 9

Haematocrit is the packed cell volume

= (blood cells / blood) x 100

Question 10

Give the % of hematocrit in the following cases:
Normal
Anemia 
Polycythemia 
Dehydration

Answer 10

Normal 45%
Anemia 30%
Polycythemia 70%
Dehydration 70%

Question 11

Explain what Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is

Answer 11

The rate at which cells sediment when a sample of fresh blood, containing an anticoagulant (heparin or sodium oxalate), is allowed to stand

Red cell density > plasma density

Question 12

Give the normal ESR for males and females

Answer 12

Males: 3-7 mm/h
Females: 3-12 mm/h

Question 13

Explain Roueleaux formation

Answer 13

-
-
casued acute phase reactants immunoglobins and albumin

Question 14

What does increased ESR ( >12 mm/h) mean?

Answer 14

Acute and chronic infections like
arthritis,
TB, and
rheumatic fever

Question 15

What does a decreased ESR mean>

Answer 15

• inc polycythemia (inc RBC)
• allergies
• hyperglycemia
• sickle cell disease (rouleaux formation does not occur)

Question 16

Name the factors increasing ESR

Answer 16

• inc HTC, low blood viscosity
• inc [fibrinogen - pregnancy and heart disease]
• leukemia (inc WBC)