1. Growth and Development of a Child Flashcards
1
Q
Define Growth and Development of a Human, together.
A
It is the process of transformation of a single cell, into an infant, and then, into an adult human being.
2
Q
Define Growth.
A
Growth is defined as the increase in the dimension, that is size and number.
3
Q
Define Development.
A
Development is defined as acquisition of skills, increase in competence and perfection of functions.
4
Q
What tools are used to assess Growth?
A
- Anthropometry (measurement of body dimensions)
- Tissue growth
- Bone age
- Dental age
- Biochemical and histological methods
5
Q
What are the criteria assessed in Anthropometry?
A
- Weight
- Length/Height
- Head Circumference
- Mid-arm Circumference
6
Q
What tools are used to assess Development?
A
- Proper history of Developmental Milestones
- Direct observation and evaluation of a child
- Developmental Charts
7
Q
State 2 commonly used developmental charts.
A
- Denever Developmental Chart
2. Trivendrum Developmental Chart
8
Q
What occurs in the 1st week of Foetal Growth?
A
Fertilization of the Egg and Implantation of Blastocyst
9
Q
When exactly does implantation usually occur?
A
On the 6th day of Fertilization
10
Q
What occurs in the 2nd week of Foetal Growth
A
The Blastocyst forms 2 layers (Bilaminar), known as the Endoderm and Ectoderm. At this point, implantation is completed.
11
Q
What occurs in the 3rd week of Foetal Growth
A
The Blastocyst forms 3 layers (Trilaminar), known as Endoderm, Mesoderm and Ectoderm.
12
Q
What occurs in the 4th week of Foetal Growth
A
It grows to become 4 mm in size.
13
Q
What occurs in the 6th week of Foetal Growth
A
It is now called an Embryo and increases to 21-23 mm in size.
14
Q
What occurs in the 8th week of Foetal Growth
A
The embryo weighs in at 8 g and 5 cm in size.
15
Q
What occurs in the 10th-12th week of Foetal Growth
A
The external genitalia of the foetus becomes visible.
16
Q
What occurs in the 20th week of Foetal Growth
A
The foetus weighs in at 450 g and 20 cm in size
17
Q
What occurs in the 24th week of Foetal Growth
A
Surfactant production begins
18
Q
What occurs in the 25th week of Foetal Growth
A
The foetus weighs in at 900 g and 25 cm in size
19
Q
What occurs in the 28th week of Foetal Growth
A
The foetus weighs in at 1300 g
20
Q
What occurs in the 39th week of Foetal Growth
A
The foetus weighs in at 2700 g and 50 cm in size
21
Q
What is the average baby weight at birth?
A
2.9 - 3.2 kg
22
Q
How do you calculate the average weight of a child after birth?
A
- At 5 months: 2 x BIRTH WEIGHT
- At 1 year : 3 x BIRTH WEIGHT
- At 2 years: 4 x BIRTH WEIGHT
- At 3 years: 5 x BIRTH WEIGHT
- At 5 years: 6 x BIRTH WEIGHT
- At 7 years: 7 x BIRTH WEIGHT
- At 8 years: 8 x BIRTH WEIGHT
- At 9 years: 9 x BIRTH WEIGHT
- At 10 years: 10 x BIRTH WEIGHT.
23
Q
You observed that a newborn has been losing weight after birth. Is it normal? Justify your answer.
A
Yes, it’s normal. A newborn’s weight may drop by 10% till 1 week after birth. This is due to the excretion of excess extra vascular fluids and possibly poor intake.A They’ll start to regain/exceed birth weight by 2 weeks of age, after which consistent weight gain will be seen throughout the 1st year.
24
Q
What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 0-3 months?
A
30 g per day (900 g per month)
25
What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 3-6 months?
20 g per day (600 g per month)
26
What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 6-9 months?
15 g per day (450 g per month)
27
What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 9-12 months?
12 g per day (360 g per month)
28
What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 1-3 years?
8 g per day (2.8 kg per year)
29
What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 3-6 years?
6 g per day (2 kg per year)
30
What is the formula used to calculate weight during infancy?
[ Age (months) + 9 ] / 2 = Weight (kg)
31
What is the formula used to calculate weight in a 2-6 years old child?
[ Age (Years) + 4 ] x 2 = Weight (kg)
32
What is the formula used to calculate weight in a 7-12 years old child?
Age (Years) x 3 = Weight (kg)
33
When a child is less than 2 years old, how is the length measured?
In supine position. (Supine length)
34
When a child is more than 2 years old, how is the length measured?
Standing height is taken.
35
What is the average length of a full term male child at birth?
50.5 +/- 2 cm
36
What is the average length of a full term female child at birth?
49.7 +/- 2 cm
37
What is the average length of a 1 year old child?
75 cm
38
What is the average length of a 2 year child?
87.5 cm
39
What is the average length of a 4 years child?
100 cm
40
What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 0-3 months?
3.5 cm per month
41
What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 3-6 months?
2 cm per month
42
What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 6-9 months?
1.5 cm per month
43
What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 9-12 months?
1.2 cm per month
44
What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 1-3 years?
1 cm per month (12 cm per year)
45
What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 3-6 years?
0.25 cm per month (3 cm per year)
46
What is the average length gain seen in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th year of life in both males and females?
- 1st year : 25 cm
- 2nd year : 12 cm
- 3rd year : 10 cm
- 4th year : 3 cm
47
What is the average length gain at puberty for males and females?
- Males : 7 - 12 cm
| - Females : 6 - 11 cm
48
How do you calculate the average height of a child age from 1-6 years old?
[ Age (Years) x 6 ] + 77 = Height (cm)
49
What is the average sitting height at birth?
70% of supine height
50
What is the average sitting height at 3 years of age?
57% of standing height
51
What is the average sitting height at puberty?
52% of standing height
52
What is the average head circumference of a child at birth?
35.3 +/- 1.2 cm
53
The head circumference of a child increase by .... cm during the 1st 3 months and further increases by another .... cm during 3 - 12 months of life.
(a) 6 cm
| (b) 6 cm
54
What is the average head circumference of a 14 year old?
53 cm
55
What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 0-3 months?
2 cm per month
56
What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 3-6 months?
1 cm per month
57
What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 6-12 months?
0.5 cm per month
58
What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 1-3 years?
0.25 cm per month
59
What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 3-6 years?
1 cm per year
60
What is the average head circumference gain of a child during 1st year of life?
12 cm
61
What is the average head circumference gain of a child during 2nd year of life?
2 cm
62
What is the average head circumference gain of a child during 3rd year of life?
1.5 cm
63
What is the average head circumference gain of a child from 3 to 14 years of life?
2.5 cm in 11 years
64
State the 4 types of deciduous dentition seen in a child?
1. Incisors
2. 1st Molar
3. Canines
4. 2nd Molars
65
When do the deciduous incisors start to appear?
- Central Incisors : at 5 - 7 (L) / 6 - 8 (U) months old
| - Lateral Incisors : at 7 - 10 (L) / 6 - 8 (U) months old
66
When do the deciduous 1st Molars start to appear?
at 12 - 14 months old
67
When do the deciduous canines start to appear?
at 16 - 20 months old
68
When do the deciduous 2nd Molars start to appear?
at 2 - 2 1/2 years old
69
When do the permanent 1st Molars start to appear?
at 6 years old
70
When do the permanent incisors start to appear?
at 7 - 8 years old
71
When do the permanent pre-molars start to appear?
at 10 - 12 years old
72
When do the permanent canines start to appear?
at 9 - 12 years old
73
When do the permanent 2nd Molars start to appear?
at 10 - 13 years old
74
When do the permanent 3rd Molars start to appear?
at 12 - 25 years old
75
How do you count the expected number of teeth in a child?
Age (up to 20 months) - 6 = Expected no. of teeth
76
State 5 main factors which affects a child's growth.
1. Heredity
2. Sex
3. Race and Nationality
4. Environment
5. Disease
77
What characteristics of a child is commonly determined by heredity?
Height, weight and other physical similarities
78
How does the environment affect a child's growth?
In pre-natal stage, the Intrauterine Environment (depends on the health of the mother) influences child's growth and development. In the post-natal stage, it determined by Internal and External Environmental Factors.
79
State a few External Environmental Factors which affects a child's growth.
1. Culture
2. Nutrition
3. Exercise
4. Ordinal Position in the family
5. Emotion and relationships with parents, siblings and teachers
6. Climate and season
80
State a few Internal Environmental Factors which affects a child's growth.
1. Inherited intelligence
| 2. Hormonal influences
81
How does disease affect the growth of a child?
Acute diseases produce temporary cessation of growth esp. in weight. Chronic diseases affect both weight and height of the child.
82
How does sex affect the growth of a child?
A male usually has broad shoulders and a narrow waist, whereas a female usually has a broad hip with adipose tissue.
83
What is the average ratio of the upper and lower segment of the body at birth (term baby)?
1.7 : 1
84
What is the average ratio of the upper and lower segment of the body at 1 year old?
1.4 : 1
85
What is the average ratio of the upper and lower segment of the body at 10 years old?
1 : 1
86
Define a newborn.
A child who is 0 - 4 weeks old
87
Define an infant.
A child who is 1 - 12 months old
88
Define a toddler.
A child who is 1 - 3 years old
89
Define a pre-schooler.
A child who is 3 - 6 years old
90
Define a school going child.
A child who is 6 - 12 years old
91
Define an adolescence
A child who is 12 - 20 years old
92
State 2 machines used to measure the weight of a child.
1. Beam Scale
| 2. Electronic Weighing Machine
93
State 2 machines used to measure the height of a child.
1. Stadiometer (standing height after 2 years of age)
| 2. Infantometer (supine length before 2 years of age)
94
What is used to measure the head circumference of a child?
A non-stretchable tape
95
What does the head circumference of a child represent?
It represents the growth of the brain
96
What is the criteria for diagnosing 'Microcephaly'?
Head Circumference which is less than 3 standard deviation for child's sex and age.
97
Define Craniosynostosis?
It is the pre-mature closure of suture on the child's skull.
98
The Mid-arm Circumference of a Child remains fairly constant between ....... years old?
1 - 5 years old
99
What is the average Mid-arm Circumference of a child?
> 13.5 cm
100
If a child has a mid-arm circumference between 12.5 cm - 13.5 cm, it indicates ........ ?
Moderate malnutrition
101
If a child has a mid-arm circumference of > 12.5 cm, it indicates ........ ?
Severe malnutrition
102
How do you record the mid-arm circumference of a child?
1. Use a non-stretchable tape
| 2. M-A.C should be measured on the Left Arm, midway between the olecranon and acromion.
103
How do you get the Upper Segment : Lower Segment Ratio of a child?
1. First, measure the lower segment (Distance from the Upper border of the Pubic Symphysis to the heel)
2. Then, Length - Lower Segment = Upper Segment
3. US : LS is obtained!
104
What is the importance of the US : LS ratio?
A higher ratio suggests that the child may be suffering from 'short limb dwarfism' or some bone disorders ex; rickets.
105
How do you measure the Chest Circumference of a child?
1. Use a non-stretchable tape
| 2. Measure at the level of the nipple
106
What is the average HC : CC ratio at birth?
The HC is usually more than the CC by about 2.5 cm
107
What is the average HC : CC ratio at 1 years old?
The HC is equal to the CC. ( 1 : 1 )
108
What is the average HC : CC ratio after 2 years old?
The CC is more than the HC
109
What does Skin Fold Thickness (S.F.T) measure?
S.F.T measures the subcutaneous fat stores
110
State the various sites where S.F.T is conducted.
1. Triceps
2. Subscapular
3. Biceps
111
What is used to measure S.F.T?
Herpendine calipers
112
Define arm span.
Arm span is the distance between the tip of the middle fingers, with both arms spread apart.
113
Before 10 years old, the arm span is ..... the height of the child.
Less than
114
At 10 years old, the arm span is ..... to the height of the child.
Equal
115
Beyond 10 years old, the arm span is ..... the height of the child.
More than
116
What the average age of onset of puberty in a male and a female?
Male : 12 years old
| Female : 11.4 years old
117
What are the 1st signs that indicate pubertal maturation in a male and a female?
Male : Increase in testicular volume
| Female : Breast budding
118
What is the most important tool in the assessment of a growth of a child?
A growth chart
119
State the available growth charts for a child from birth till 36 months old.
1. Weight-for-length
2. Length-for-age
3. Weight-for-age
4. Head circumference-for-age
120
State the available growth charts for a child from 2 till 20 years old.
1. BMI-for-age
2. Stature-for-age
3. Weight-for-age
4. Weight-for-height
