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PEDIATRICS > 1. Growth and Development of a Child > Flashcards

1. Growth and Development of a Child Flashcards

1
Q

Define Growth and Development of a Human, together.

A

It is the process of transformation of a single cell, into an infant, and then, into an adult human being.

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2
Q

Define Growth.

A

Growth is defined as the increase in the dimension, that is size and number.

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3
Q

Define Development.

A

Development is defined as acquisition of skills, increase in competence and perfection of functions.

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4
Q

What tools are used to assess Growth?

A
  • Anthropometry (measurement of body dimensions)
  • Tissue growth
  • Bone age
  • Dental age
  • Biochemical and histological methods
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5
Q

What are the criteria assessed in Anthropometry?

A
  1. Weight
  2. Length/Height
  3. Head Circumference
  4. Mid-arm Circumference
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6
Q

What tools are used to assess Development?

A
  1. Proper history of Developmental Milestones
  2. Direct observation and evaluation of a child
  3. Developmental Charts
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7
Q

State 2 commonly used developmental charts.

A
  1. Denever Developmental Chart

2. Trivendrum Developmental Chart

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8
Q

What occurs in the 1st week of Foetal Growth?

A

Fertilization of the Egg and Implantation of Blastocyst

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9
Q

When exactly does implantation usually occur?

A

On the 6th day of Fertilization

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10
Q

What occurs in the 2nd week of Foetal Growth

A

The Blastocyst forms 2 layers (Bilaminar), known as the Endoderm and Ectoderm. At this point, implantation is completed.

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11
Q

What occurs in the 3rd week of Foetal Growth

A

The Blastocyst forms 3 layers (Trilaminar), known as Endoderm, Mesoderm and Ectoderm.

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12
Q

What occurs in the 4th week of Foetal Growth

A

It grows to become 4 mm in size.

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13
Q

What occurs in the 6th week of Foetal Growth

A

It is now called an Embryo and increases to 21-23 mm in size.

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14
Q

What occurs in the 8th week of Foetal Growth

A

The embryo weighs in at 8 g and 5 cm in size.

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15
Q

What occurs in the 10th-12th week of Foetal Growth

A

The external genitalia of the foetus becomes visible.

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16
Q

What occurs in the 20th week of Foetal Growth

A

The foetus weighs in at 450 g and 20 cm in size

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17
Q

What occurs in the 24th week of Foetal Growth

A

Surfactant production begins

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18
Q

What occurs in the 25th week of Foetal Growth

A

The foetus weighs in at 900 g and 25 cm in size

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19
Q

What occurs in the 28th week of Foetal Growth

A

The foetus weighs in at 1300 g

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20
Q

What occurs in the 39th week of Foetal Growth

A

The foetus weighs in at 2700 g and 50 cm in size

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21
Q

What is the average baby weight at birth?

A

2.9 - 3.2 kg

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22
Q

How do you calculate the average weight of a child after birth?

A
  • At 5 months: 2 x BIRTH WEIGHT
  • At 1 year : 3 x BIRTH WEIGHT
  • At 2 years: 4 x BIRTH WEIGHT
  • At 3 years: 5 x BIRTH WEIGHT
  • At 5 years: 6 x BIRTH WEIGHT
  • At 7 years: 7 x BIRTH WEIGHT
  • At 8 years: 8 x BIRTH WEIGHT
  • At 9 years: 9 x BIRTH WEIGHT
  • At 10 years: 10 x BIRTH WEIGHT.
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23
Q

You observed that a newborn has been losing weight after birth. Is it normal? Justify your answer.

A

Yes, it’s normal. A newborn’s weight may drop by 10% till 1 week after birth. This is due to the excretion of excess extra vascular fluids and possibly poor intake.A They’ll start to regain/exceed birth weight by 2 weeks of age, after which consistent weight gain will be seen throughout the 1st year.

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24
Q

What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 0-3 months?

A

30 g per day (900 g per month)

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25
Q

What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 3-6 months?

A

20 g per day (600 g per month)

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26
Q

What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 6-9 months?

A

15 g per day (450 g per month)

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27
Q

What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 9-12 months?

A

12 g per day (360 g per month)

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28
Q

What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 1-3 years?

A

8 g per day (2.8 kg per year)

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29
Q

What is the average weight gain per day seen in a child aged 3-6 years?

A

6 g per day (2 kg per year)

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30
Q

What is the formula used to calculate weight during infancy?

A

[ Age (months) + 9 ] / 2 = Weight (kg)

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31
Q

What is the formula used to calculate weight in a 2-6 years old child?

A

[ Age (Years) + 4 ] x 2 = Weight (kg)

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32
Q

What is the formula used to calculate weight in a 7-12 years old child?

A

Age (Years) x 3 = Weight (kg)

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33
Q

When a child is less than 2 years old, how is the length measured?

A

In supine position. (Supine length)

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34
Q

When a child is more than 2 years old, how is the length measured?

A

Standing height is taken.

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35
Q

What is the average length of a full term male child at birth?

A

50.5 +/- 2 cm

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36
Q

What is the average length of a full term female child at birth?

A

49.7 +/- 2 cm

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37
Q

What is the average length of a 1 year old child?

A

75 cm

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38
Q

What is the average length of a 2 year child?

A

87.5 cm

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39
Q

What is the average length of a 4 years child?

A

100 cm

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40
Q

What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 0-3 months?

A

3.5 cm per month

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41
Q

What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 3-6 months?

A

2 cm per month

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42
Q

What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 6-9 months?

A

1.5 cm per month

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43
Q

What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 9-12 months?

A

1.2 cm per month

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44
Q

What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 1-3 years?

A

1 cm per month (12 cm per year)

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45
Q

What is the average length gain per month seen in a child aged 3-6 years?

A

0.25 cm per month (3 cm per year)

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46
Q

What is the average length gain seen in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th year of life in both males and females?

A
  • 1st year : 25 cm
  • 2nd year : 12 cm
  • 3rd year : 10 cm
  • 4th year : 3 cm
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47
Q

What is the average length gain at puberty for males and females?

A
  • Males : 7 - 12 cm

- Females : 6 - 11 cm

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48
Q

How do you calculate the average height of a child age from 1-6 years old?

A

[ Age (Years) x 6 ] + 77 = Height (cm)

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49
Q

What is the average sitting height at birth?

A

70% of supine height

50
Q

What is the average sitting height at 3 years of age?

A

57% of standing height

51
Q

What is the average sitting height at puberty?

A

52% of standing height

52
Q

What is the average head circumference of a child at birth?

A

35.3 +/- 1.2 cm

53
Q

The head circumference of a child increase by …. cm during the 1st 3 months and further increases by another …. cm during 3 - 12 months of life.

A

(a) 6 cm

(b) 6 cm

54
Q

What is the average head circumference of a 14 year old?

A

53 cm

55
Q

What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 0-3 months?

A

2 cm per month

56
Q

What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 3-6 months?

A

1 cm per month

57
Q

What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 6-12 months?

A

0.5 cm per month

58
Q

What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 1-3 years?

A

0.25 cm per month

59
Q

What is the average head circumference gain of a child at 3-6 years?

A

1 cm per year

60
Q

What is the average head circumference gain of a child during 1st year of life?

A

12 cm

61
Q

What is the average head circumference gain of a child during 2nd year of life?

A

2 cm

62
Q

What is the average head circumference gain of a child during 3rd year of life?

A

1.5 cm

63
Q

What is the average head circumference gain of a child from 3 to 14 years of life?

A

2.5 cm in 11 years

64
Q

State the 4 types of deciduous dentition seen in a child?

A
  1. Incisors
  2. 1st Molar
  3. Canines
  4. 2nd Molars
65
Q

When do the deciduous incisors start to appear?

A
  • Central Incisors : at 5 - 7 (L) / 6 - 8 (U) months old

- Lateral Incisors : at 7 - 10 (L) / 6 - 8 (U) months old

66
Q

When do the deciduous 1st Molars start to appear?

A

at 12 - 14 months old

67
Q

When do the deciduous canines start to appear?

A

at 16 - 20 months old

68
Q

When do the deciduous 2nd Molars start to appear?

A

at 2 - 2 1/2 years old

69
Q

When do the permanent 1st Molars start to appear?

A

at 6 years old

70
Q

When do the permanent incisors start to appear?

A

at 7 - 8 years old

71
Q

When do the permanent pre-molars start to appear?

A

at 10 - 12 years old

72
Q

When do the permanent canines start to appear?

A

at 9 - 12 years old

73
Q

When do the permanent 2nd Molars start to appear?

A

at 10 - 13 years old

74
Q

When do the permanent 3rd Molars start to appear?

A

at 12 - 25 years old

75
Q

How do you count the expected number of teeth in a child?

A

Age (up to 20 months) - 6 = Expected no. of teeth

76
Q

State 5 main factors which affects a child’s growth.

A
  1. Heredity
  2. Sex
  3. Race and Nationality
  4. Environment
  5. Disease
77
Q

What characteristics of a child is commonly determined by heredity?

A

Height, weight and other physical similarities

78
Q

How does the environment affect a child’s growth?

A

In pre-natal stage, the Intrauterine Environment (depends on the health of the mother) influences child’s growth and development. In the post-natal stage, it determined by Internal and External Environmental Factors.

79
Q

State a few External Environmental Factors which affects a child’s growth.

A
  1. Culture
  2. Nutrition
  3. Exercise
  4. Ordinal Position in the family
  5. Emotion and relationships with parents, siblings and teachers
  6. Climate and season
80
Q

State a few Internal Environmental Factors which affects a child’s growth.

A
  1. Inherited intelligence

2. Hormonal influences

81
Q

How does disease affect the growth of a child?

A

Acute diseases produce temporary cessation of growth esp. in weight. Chronic diseases affect both weight and height of the child.

82
Q

How does sex affect the growth of a child?

A

A male usually has broad shoulders and a narrow waist, whereas a female usually has a broad hip with adipose tissue.

83
Q

What is the average ratio of the upper and lower segment of the body at birth (term baby)?

A

1.7 : 1

84
Q

What is the average ratio of the upper and lower segment of the body at 1 year old?

A

1.4 : 1

85
Q

What is the average ratio of the upper and lower segment of the body at 10 years old?

A

1 : 1

86
Q

Define a newborn.

A

A child who is 0 - 4 weeks old

87
Q

Define an infant.

A

A child who is 1 - 12 months old

88
Q

Define a toddler.

A

A child who is 1 - 3 years old

89
Q

Define a pre-schooler.

A

A child who is 3 - 6 years old

90
Q

Define a school going child.

A

A child who is 6 - 12 years old

91
Q

Define an adolescence

A

A child who is 12 - 20 years old

92
Q

State 2 machines used to measure the weight of a child.

A
  1. Beam Scale

2. Electronic Weighing Machine

93
Q

State 2 machines used to measure the height of a child.

A
  1. Stadiometer (standing height after 2 years of age)

2. Infantometer (supine length before 2 years of age)

94
Q

What is used to measure the head circumference of a child?

A

A non-stretchable tape

95
Q

What does the head circumference of a child represent?

A

It represents the growth of the brain

96
Q

What is the criteria for diagnosing ‘Microcephaly’?

A

Head Circumference which is less than 3 standard deviation for child’s sex and age.

97
Q

Define Craniosynostosis?

A

It is the pre-mature closure of suture on the child’s skull.

98
Q

The Mid-arm Circumference of a Child remains fairly constant between ……. years old?

A

1 - 5 years old

99
Q

What is the average Mid-arm Circumference of a child?

A

> 13.5 cm

100
Q

If a child has a mid-arm circumference between 12.5 cm - 13.5 cm, it indicates …….. ?

A

Moderate malnutrition

101
Q

If a child has a mid-arm circumference of > 12.5 cm, it indicates …….. ?

A

Severe malnutrition

102
Q

How do you record the mid-arm circumference of a child?

A
  1. Use a non-stretchable tape

2. M-A.C should be measured on the Left Arm, midway between the olecranon and acromion.

103
Q

How do you get the Upper Segment : Lower Segment Ratio of a child?

A
  1. First, measure the lower segment (Distance from the Upper border of the Pubic Symphysis to the heel)
  2. Then, Length - Lower Segment = Upper Segment
  3. US : LS is obtained!
104
Q

What is the importance of the US : LS ratio?

A

A higher ratio suggests that the child may be suffering from ‘short limb dwarfism’ or some bone disorders ex; rickets.

105
Q

How do you measure the Chest Circumference of a child?

A
  1. Use a non-stretchable tape

2. Measure at the level of the nipple

106
Q

What is the average HC : CC ratio at birth?

A

The HC is usually more than the CC by about 2.5 cm

107
Q

What is the average HC : CC ratio at 1 years old?

A

The HC is equal to the CC. ( 1 : 1 )

108
Q

What is the average HC : CC ratio after 2 years old?

A

The CC is more than the HC

109
Q

What does Skin Fold Thickness (S.F.T) measure?

A

S.F.T measures the subcutaneous fat stores

110
Q

State the various sites where S.F.T is conducted.

A
  1. Triceps
  2. Subscapular
  3. Biceps
111
Q

What is used to measure S.F.T?

A

Herpendine calipers

112
Q

Define arm span.

A

Arm span is the distance between the tip of the middle fingers, with both arms spread apart.

113
Q

Before 10 years old, the arm span is ….. the height of the child.

A

Less than

114
Q

At 10 years old, the arm span is ….. to the height of the child.

A

Equal

115
Q

Beyond 10 years old, the arm span is ….. the height of the child.

A

More than

116
Q

What the average age of onset of puberty in a male and a female?

A

Male : 12 years old

Female : 11.4 years old

117
Q

What are the 1st signs that indicate pubertal maturation in a male and a female?

A

Male : Increase in testicular volume

Female : Breast budding

118
Q

What is the most important tool in the assessment of a growth of a child?

A

A growth chart

119
Q

State the available growth charts for a child from birth till 36 months old.

A
  1. Weight-for-length
  2. Length-for-age
  3. Weight-for-age
  4. Head circumference-for-age
120
Q

State the available growth charts for a child from 2 till 20 years old.

A
  1. BMI-for-age
  2. Stature-for-age
  3. Weight-for-age
  4. Weight-for-height

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