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FB1 Biochemistry > 1. Genome Organization. > Flashcards

1. Genome Organization. Flashcards

1
Q

What is a genome?

A

It is the genetic material of an organism.

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2
Q

What are the two types of genomes present in eukaryotes?

A

Nuclear and mitochondrial genomes.

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3
Q

Each cell contains ….. nuclear genomes and how many copies, where is it located?

A

Has 1 nuclear genomes, 2 copies and its located in the nucleus.

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4
Q

T or F?

Each cell contains 2-10 copies of mt- DNA?

A

False.

Each cell contains 1000 - 10,000 copies of mt- DNA, whereas EACH mitochondria countains 2 -10 copies .

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of nuclear genome?

A

Location: Nucleus.
DNA copies: 2 copies of 23 chromosomes.
Genome structure: Linear
Genome size: 3.2x10^6 Base pairs
Number of genes: 30,000 genes
Coding regions %: 2% coding / 98% non- coding.
Mode of inheritance: from both mother and father ( diploid )

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of mitochondrial genome?

A

Location: Mitochondria
Copies: Each mitochondria has SEVERAL copies.
Genome structure: Circular ( E. coli )
Genome size: 16,569 base pairs.
Number of genes: 37 genes.
Coding region: 97% coding 3% non coding
Mode of inheritance: from mother only ( haploid )

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7
Q

Important facts about genomes!

A
  1. It is the total DNA content in a cell.
  2. It contains all DNA including the protein coding DNA.
  3. An organism has only 1 genome
  4. The study of it is called genomics
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8
Q

Important facts about genes!

A
  1. It is only a segment of the DNA molecule
  2. It contains only protein coding DNA.
  3. thousands of genes in an organism .
  4. The study of it is called genetics.
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9
Q

What is the structure of dna?

A

Double helical.

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10
Q

A nucleotide is made up of?

A

A phosphate group, sugar, and a base.

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11
Q

Two nucleotides are linked together by what bonds and where?

A

By equal covalent bonds. Located between a sugar of one nucleotide and a phosphate group of another.

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12
Q

What bonds link the 2 strands of dna together?

A

H bonds.

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13
Q

Complementary base pairing occurs between 2 strands .

A

A-T / C-G

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14
Q

Explain why the two strands of the dna are anti parallel?

A

5 to 3 on one strand and 3 to 5 on the other.

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15
Q

How are such large dna fibers compactly packaged in a small nucleus?

A

Because of histone proteins. (H2A, H2B, H3, H4)

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16
Q

These histone proteins form an Octomer and wraps the dna strand TWICE.

A

Each complex of histone proteins and dna wrapping around them are called

17
Q

Each complex of histone proteins and dna wrapping around them are called ?

A

Nucleosomes

18
Q

Nucleosomes are separated by a…..?

A

30 -bp linker dna.

19
Q

What histone protein binds on the linker site and protects the nucleosomes from becoming a mess / tangled.

A

All the nucleosomes are further condensed into a loop like structure, this loop further coils and gets denser to form a sister chromatid as seen in METAPHASE.

20
Q

What happens in mitotic cell division?

A

Linear DNA packing with histone proteins and forming supercoiled sister chromatid occurs in metaphase stage .

21
Q

What chromosomes are used in karyotyping? And why?

A
  • metaphase chromosomes and it is for identifying the chromosomes number and structure abnormalities.
    Example of these abnormalities are:
  • XO & XXY
  • translocation.
22
Q

What happens when a doubled stranded dna is heated?

A

The h bonds start breaking

23
Q

Breaking a double stranded dna into single strands is known as?

A

DNA denaturation.

24
Q

What is renaturation?

A

When a denatured DNA in solution is cooled down, complementary single strands DNA can reform into a double stranded DNA with hydrogen bonding in the presence of water.

25
Q

Denaturation if a dna at particular temperature depends on?

A

G- C and A - T contents of a DNA.

26
Q

Why does A-T base pairs melt at about 70 C?

A

Bc / of weaker 2 H bonds.

27
Q

Why does C-G base pairs melt at about 95 C?

A

Bc / of stronger 3 H bonds.

28
Q

The temperature at which the DNA strands are half denatured (50%) is called the?

A

The melting temperature.

29
Q

Again melting temperature varies to each organism based on the?

A

G-C , A-T contents

30
Q

The denaturation and renaturation properties of dna are being exploited in many biological experiments including ?

A
  1. Hybridization

2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

31
Q

What is hybridization?

A

It is an experiment to identify the dna homology between two different organisms and or their genes of interest.

32
Q

What is PCR?

A

PCR uses denaturation and renaturation properties of a dna. It helps to amplify the target DNA sequences in large quantities.

FB1 Biochemistry (1 decks)

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