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Biochemistry > 1 Genetic Material > Flashcards

1 Genetic Material Flashcards

1
Q

name the two purines

A
  • adenine

- guanine

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2
Q

name the two pyrimidines

A
  • thymine
  • cytosine
  • uracil
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3
Q

what is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside

A

nucleosides are composed of a a sugar and a base whereas nucleotides have a sugar, base, and a phosphate group

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4
Q

what time of bond binds the phosphate group to the nucleotide

A

-ester linkage

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5
Q

what is the backbone of DNA

A

pentose phosphate

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6
Q

what are the two terms for small strands of DNA?

A

primers or oligonucleotides

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7
Q

what are the two primary donors/acceptors of H bonds?

A

oxygen and nitrogen

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8
Q

what base pair has the highest annealing temp and why?

A

C-G because they have three hydrogen bonds that connect them, vs A and T only having 2

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9
Q

what type of symmetry did francis crick notice in rosalind franklins X ray images of DNA?

A

monoclonic C2

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10
Q

what do you on find on the inside of the double helix of DNA

A

purine and pyrimidines base paired

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11
Q

what are the two strands of DNa held together by?

A

H bonds

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12
Q

what is the diameter of the double helix?

A

20A

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13
Q

after how many residues, does the structure of DNA repeat?

A

10

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14
Q

Why does the major and minor groove exist?

A

because the glycosidic bond of a base pair are not diametrically opposite each other

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15
Q

what does the major groover allow for?

A

the open nature of the major groove allows for proteins to interact with the DNA - could be in the way of DNA kinases/phosphotases

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16
Q

is relaxed DNA supercoiled?

A

No

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17
Q

how do you negatively supercoil DNA?

A

tiwsting the strands in the opposite directions

18
Q

how do you positively supercoil DNA?

A

twist the strands in the same direction

19
Q

do supercoiled or relaxed DNA have more energy?

A

supercoiled

20
Q

what is the diference between topo 1 and topo 2?

A

topo 2 creates a double stranded break whereas topo 1 creates a single strnaded break. these are used to change the topology

21
Q

what is the clinical relevance of topoisomerases?

A

they can be targeted by pharmaceuticals to treat cancer

22
Q

what does camptothecin target

A

topo1

23
Q

what does m-AMSA and doxorubicin target?

A

topo2

24
Q

what does an adenine repeat create in the DNA structure?

A

a bend

25
Q

what happens to the absorption of DNA when you heat it up and why?

A

absorption goes up because the two strands break away from each other and expose the nitrogenous bases

26
Q

what is characteristic of a DNA strand with a high melting temp?

A

is has a large amount of C-G base pairs

27
Q

how do you hybridize a probe with its complimentary strand

A

heat up the strand, then cool it back down and the probe with base pair with its compliment

28
Q

what is a probe?

A

short strand of DNA that is complimentary to a gene of interest and is usually tagged with a fluorescent marker

29
Q

what percentage of the human genome codes for protein and how many proteins does this include?

A

1.5% of the genome, 25,000 proteins

30
Q

what are pseudo-genes?

A

look very similar to genes in sequence but do not code for anything functional

31
Q

what is a processed pseudogene?

A

mRNA that has be reverse transcribed into cDNA, then synthesized into dsDNA, and integrated back into the genome via integrase

32
Q

what is a provirus?

A

a retrovirus that has integrated into our genome

33
Q

what is a SINE and what are their size?

A

short interspersed repeat elements. they are abput 280bp long and constitute 10% of the genome

34
Q

what are lines? how long are they? and what do they code for?

A
  • long interspersed repeat elements
  • greater than 500bp long
  • 20% of the human genome
  • complete LINE sequences code for a reverse transcriptase
35
Q

what are simple sequence repeats (SSR)? what are their characteristics? how can we use them?

A
  • 2 to 5 bp in length
  • present at many locations
  • highly polymorpic, therefor we can use them to identify people
  • they are present in everybody at the same locations
36
Q

what are SNPs? how can we use them? where are they found? how are they related to disease

A
  • single nucleotide repeats
  • they can serve as biological markers
  • may fall within coding, noncoding, or the intergenic parts between genes
  • certain diseases are associated with certain SNPs (mutations)
37
Q

what is the telomere nucleotide sequence?

A

TTAGGG

38
Q

what happens to telomeres as we age?

A

they get shorter and finally reach a point where they can not protect the chromosome anymore and it is destroyed

39
Q

what synthesizes telomeres and how is this protein important clinically?

A
  • telomerase is what creates telomeres

- in certain cancers, this enzyme is reactivated, allowing the cell continue dividing indefinitely

40
Q

what type of enzyme is telomerase?

A

a reverse transcriptase

41
Q

recite the order of organization of DNA from smallest to largest

A

DNA, histones, nucleosomes, chromatin, chromosomes

Biochemistry (9 decks)

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