1. Gait & Ambulation Aids Flashcards
# Define: Stride Length - Step Length & Width - Cadence ๐๐ What is the normal step length?
STRIDE
Initial contact of a limb and the subsequent initial contact of that same limb.
One gait cycle is also referred to as a stride.
STRIDE LENGTH
It is the distance measured from heel strike to heel strike of the same foot
STEP LENGTH
It is distance measured from heel strike of one foot to heel strike of the other foot.
Normally = 15 to 20 inches โ1.25-1.66 Feetโ
Step Length x 2 = Stride Length
STEP WIDTH
The distance between the center of the feet during the double limb support portion of the gait cycle when both feet are in contact with the ground.
Normal base of support (distance between heels) = 6 to 10 cm
CADENCE
The number of steps taken in 1 minute. Average is 80 to 110 steps per minute.
This corresponds to an average walking speed of 60 to 80 m/min, 5 km/h or 3mph.
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg457-458
Gait Cycle ๐๐
List the 3 tasks of a gait cycle List the 5 periods of stance and 3 periods of swing gait
List 8 phases of gait cycle
In which phase of the gait cycle does the body have the lowest centre of gravity?
In which phase of the gait cycle does the body have the highest centre of gravity?
TASKS
- Weight acceptance
- Single limb support
- Limb advancement
STANCE PHASE 60%
Initial Contact (IC) ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูู ูุงู ุณุฉ
When foot comes in contact with the ground
Other limb in preswing phase.
Loading Response (LR) ุจุนุฏ ูุถุน ุงููุฏู ุฅูู ุฑูุน ุงููุฏู ุงูุซุงููุฉ
Initial contact to the time when the contralateral foot leaves the ground
Other limb in initial swing phase
๐ก The body has the lowest COG during loading response. (weight shift occurs)
Midstance (MSt) ู ู ุฑูุน ุงููุฏู ุฅูู ุฅูุชูุงุก ุงููุงุญููู
๐ก The body has the highest COG during midstance.
Time period from lift of the contralateral extremity from the ground to the point where the ankles of both extremities are aligned in the frontal (or coronal) plane
Terminal Stance (TSt) ู ู ุจุนุฏ ุฅูุชูุงุก ุงููุงุญููู ุฅูู ูุจู ูุถุน ุงููุฏู
Time period from ankle alignment in the frontal plane to just prior to initial contact of the contralateral (swinging) extremity
Preswing (PSw) ูุถุน ุงููุฏู ููุจู ุทููุน ุงููุฏู ุงูุซุงููุฉ
Time period from initial contact of the contralateral extremity to just prior to lift of the ipsilateral extremity from the ground (unloading weight)
SWING PHASE 40%
Initial Swing (ISw) ุทููุน ุงููุฏู ูุซูู ุงูุฑูุจุฉ
Lift of the extremity from the ground to position of maximum knee flexion
Midswing (MSw) ู ู ุซูู ุงูุฑูุจุฉ ุฅูู ูุถุน ุงูุฑุฌู ุนู ูุฏูุงู
Immediately following knee flexion to vertical tibia position
Terminal Swing (TSw): ู ุฏ ุงูุฑูุจุฉ ูุงู ูุฉู ุฅูู ุจุฏุงูุฉ ุงูู ูุงู ุณุฉ
Following vertical tibia position to just prior to initial contact
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg458
Limb Support ๐๐
DOUBLE LIMB SUPPORT (80%)
Time period during which both feet are in contact with the floor.
Both the beginning and end of the stance phase
SINLG LIMB SUPPORT (20%)
Time period starts when the opposite foot is lifted for the swing phase
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg457
Seep walking vs Running effect on gait cycle ๐๐
Walking faster decreases the time spent in stance phase, increasing time spent in swing phase
Running have no double limb support.
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg457
Max hip flexion, knee and ankle dorsiflexion ๐๐
Initial Swing
- Max knee and ankle flexion
Mid Swing
- Max hip flexion โ to shorten the length
Gravity line and Centre of gravity. ๐๐
CENTER OF GRAVITY (COG)
Typically located 5 cm anterior to the S2 vertebra at the level of PSIS
The COG is displaced 5 cm (<2 inches) horizontally and 5 cm vertically during an average adult male step.
GRAVITY LINE
- Behind the cervical vertebrae
- In front of the thoracic vertebrae
- Behind the lumbar vertebrae
- Posterior to the hip joint and tends to passively extend the hip joint โ countered by anterior ileofemoral ligament
- Anterior to the knee joint and tends to passively extend the knee โ quadriceps weakness result in genu recurvatum
- Passes 1 to 2 inches anterior to the ankle joint and tends to dorsiflex the ankle โ resisted by the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles.
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg458
What is the normal velocity for walking?
NOTE: this is the walking speed that is most efficient.
Comfortable walking speed = 80 m/min or 3 mph or 4.8 kph
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg458
List 5 determinants of gait that reduce excursion of centre of mass ๐๐ EXAM
๐ก Actual COG displacement is approximately 5 cm (2 inches)
IMPORTANCE
- Minimize deviation of the bodyโs COG (COG follows a smooth, sinusoidal path)
- Minimize energy expenditure
DETERMINANTS OF GAIT
-
Lateral pelvis displacement
Displacement toward the stance limb, shifting COG of the body to lie above the base of support (the stance foot). -
Pelvic rotation
Pelvis rotates medially (4-degree pelvic rotation) on the swinging leg side, lengthening the limb as it prepares to accept weight. -
Pelvic tilt
Pelvis on the side of the swinging leg (opposite to the weight-bearing leg) is lowered 4โ5 degrees. This lowers the COG at midstance. -
Knee flexion in stance
Lowers the COG (minimizing its vertical displacement) by early knee flexion during heel stroke or initial contact thus shortening the hip-to-ankle distance. -
Knee mechanisms
Restoring leg length after midstance, knee extends as the ankle plantar flexes -
Foot mechanisms
Three pivot points (rockers) at the heel, ankle, and forefoot smoothens the curve of the falling pelvis.
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table 6-2 pg459
Prerequisites of Gait ๐๐ EXAM
- Stability in stance
- Clearance in swing
- Preposition of the swing foot
- Adequate step length
- Energy conservation
Foot rockers
-
Heel Rocker: Initial contact & weight acceptance
- Goal is absorbing the shock and weight descending from body to knee to foot
- Quadriceps muscle contract to limit knee flexion moment arm
- Tibialis anterior muscles will eccentric contract to resist planterflexion (limit foot drop)
-
Ankle Rocker: Midstance
- Goal is smooth tibial progression
- Soleus contract to decelerate and control the dorsiflexion during midstance.
-
Forefoot Rocker: Heel raise
- To provide a rolling-like mechanism of foot during stance
- To preserved the momentum and aid in limb advancement
- Gastrocnemius and soleus contract to produce planterflexion
-
Toe Rocker
- Plantar flexors thrusts the tibia forwards moving from pre-swing to swing.
Muscle Activity ๐๐ EXAM
- Give actions of the following muscles in the mid-stance of the gait cycle
- List 3 muscles and their action at initial contact
- Is their concentric or eccentric contraction in the following muscles at loading response
- What lower extremity muscle group performs CONCENTRIC contraction?
- List the two periods of gait cycle that the ankle dorsiflexors activate and describe its function
Concentric
- IP - PT - Calf
Dorsiflexors
- Initial Contact: eccentrically to decelerate passive plantar flexion of ankle.
- Initial Swing: concentrically to dorsiflex ankle to clear foot in swing.
What are the requirements for sufficient clearance in swing phase?
Another word: sufficient swing needs ..
๐ก One leg is stable while the other swing properly.
- Stability on the stance limb
- Adequate dorsiflexion, knee flexion and hip flexion on the swing limb
List 3 muscles and their action at heel strike ๐
- Tib Ant, EHL, ED, Eccentric Contraction โ Preventing foor slap via controlling dorsiflexion
- Quadriceps, Eccentric Contraction โ Controlling knee extension to prevent knee buckling
- Gluteus & Hamstring, Eccentric Contraction โ Prevent hip flexion
In quiet standing, which muscles maintain the body in erect position? ๐๐ Dr. Haitham
Ankle planterflexors, gastrocsoleus complex
Ground reaction force is placed anterior to ankle joint forcing it into dorsiflexion, thus ankle stability is maintained by continuous contraction of the gastrocsoleus to produce a counter force (planterflexion) to stabilize ankle joint moment (torque)
PMR Secrets 3rd Edition Chapter 11 pg114 Q14
You are examining a 36 years old patient in the OPD. You have noticed that he has genu recurvatum during the stance phase. Mention 2 possible causes? (marks) What are the possible causes of genu recurvatum during the stance period of gait? Provide three lower extremity reasons for knee hyperextension in early stance. ๐๐
- Spastic quadriceps
- Compensation for weak quadriceps
- Weak hamstring
- Achilles tendon contracture
- Plantar flexor spasticity
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg461 Table 6-4
PMR Secrets 3rd Edition Chapter 11 pg114 q18
When is patient with dorsiflexion weakness suspected to have foot slap? ๐๐ Dr. Abdulrazaq
Severely weak dorsiflexors <3/5, motor power less than โanti-gravityโ
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table6-4 pg461
List 2 cause of Steppage gait/foot drop. List 4 DDx for foor drop ๐๐
BIOMECHANICAL CAUSES
- Severely weak dorsiflexors grade <3/5
- Equinus deformity (planterflexion contracture)
- Plantar flexor spasticity
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table6-4 pg461
DEFFERENTIALS
- Anterior compartment syndrome of lower leg (deep peroneal neuropathy).
- Peroneal neuropathy at the fibular head.
- Sciatic neuropathy (preferential involvement of peroneal division).
- Lumbosacral plexopathy.
- L5 radiculopathy.
Preston shapiro pg 346.
List 3 causes of Wide base of support ๐
- Hip abductor muscle contracture
- Instability
- Genu valgum
- Leg length discrepancy
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table6-4 pg461
List 2 causes Excessive foot supination ๐
- Forefoot valgus deformity (Tibialis posterior & anterior spasticity post stroke)
- Pes cavus
- Short limb
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table6-4 pg461
List 4 causes of Increased knee flexion ๐๐
- Hamstring contracture/Spasticity
- Increased ankle dorsiflexion
- Weak plantar flexor (opposite of spastic PF โ extension)
- Hip flexion contracture
- Long limb
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table6-4 pg461
List 2 causes of Excessive trunk lateral flexion & Waddling gait ๐๐
Uncompensated right Trendelenburg gait
Pelvis drops on the contralateral side (excessive pelvic tilt)
Compensated Trendelenburg gait
Leans his or her trunk to the ipsilateral to prevent left pelvic drop
Causes of Excessive trunk lateral flexion
- Ipsilateral gluteus medius weakness, uncompensated trendelenburg
- Hip pain โangaltic gaitโ
Causes of Waddling gait
- Bilateral gluteus medius weakness, myopathic gait
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table6-4 pg461
List 3 causes of Hip hiking ๐๐
- Quadratus lumborum shortening
- Long limb
- Stiff knee
- Weak hamstring โlimited knee flexionโ
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table6-4 pg461
List 2 causes of Circumduction ๐๐
- Abductor muscle shortening or overuse
- Long limb
- Stiff knee
- Dropped foot
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table6-4 pg461
What are the difference between toddler and adult gait? 4 marks ๐๐ EXAM
- Wider base support
- Reduced stride length with higher cadence
- No heel strike
- Little knee flexion during standing
- No reciprocal arm swing
- External rotation of entire leg during swing phase
PMR Secrets 3rd Edition Chapter 11 pg115 q22
At what age the child would go upstairs and down stairs with alternating feet? (2 marks)๐๐
Upstairs 3 years
Down stairs 4 years
PM&R secrets 2nd edition P416
When does an infant acquire the ability to walk supported? To walk unsupported? To run?
- Walk supported by 12 months
- Walk unsupported by 15 months
- Run by 18 months
- Mature gait pattern is established by 3 years old
PMR Secrets 3rd Edition Chapter 11 pg115 q21
Elderly gait compared to young adults? 1 mark
Reduced peak hip extension
PMR Secrets 3rd Edition Chapter 11 pg115 q23
Gait Impairment Post Stroke ๐๐ List 5 stance phase gait abnormalities in hemiplegic leg
HEMIPLEGIC GAIT
- Hip circumduction, hip hiking, and contralateral vaulting with excessive elevation of the pelvis to avoid toe drag
- Reduced knee flexion during swing and stance phases (spastic paretic stiff-legged gait)
- Knee hyperextension (dynamic recurvatum) during stance
- Excessive ankle plantar flexion (equinus) during swing and/or stance: ankle dorsiflexor weakness, plantar-flexor spasticity, or ankle plantar flexion contracture.
- Asymmetry of stepping
- Reduced duration of single-limb stance (SLS) on the affected side
- Prolonged duration of double-limb stance (DLS) on the affected side
DeLisa 5th Edition Chapter 5 Human Walking pg132
STANCE PHASE
- Short/absent heel strike
- Limited knee flexion
- Limited ankle dorsi-flexion
- Poor push off
- Short stance time
- Increased double stance
SWING PHASE:
- Truncal lurch towards unaffected side
- Hip hiking
- Vaulting
- Circumduction
- Hyperextension of the knee
- Trendelenburg gait???
Review course notes โ 2010/2012 โ Gait section (pg 55)
What are expected gait abnormalities in a patient with antalgic gait. ๐๐
Affected limb:
- Decreased stance phase time
- Increased swing phase time
- Decreased weight bearing
- Lateral Trunk lurch over affected hip during stance
Unaffected limb:
- Increased stance phase time
- Decreased swing phase time
- Decreased step length
Overall:
- Reduced walking speed
- Increased displacement of COG
- Increased energy expenditure
Flash Cards
Gait Impairment in Parkinsonโs Disease ๐๐ EXAM
PARKINOSN GAIT
- Stooped posture
- Festinating gait
- Shuffling
- โStart hesitationโ
- Reduced step length
- Decreased arm swing
- Reduced trunk rotation
- Severe instances freezing while walking or turning (โfreezing gaitโ)
TRAPGH (CARDINAL SIGNS)
- Resting tremor
- Rigidity & Bradykinesia
- Stooped posture with instability
- Shuffling Gait
- Hypophonia
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg462
List 4 musculoskeletal abnormalities in crouch gait.๐๐
- Tight hip flexors
- Tight hamstrings
- Weak plantarflexors
- Excessive ankle dorsiflexion (over-lengthed heel cords).
Ref: European Journal of Neurology2001,8 (Suppl. 5):98ยฑ108
Does varus or valgus knee aligment affect progression of knee OA with ambulation?
Mention one shoe modification to fix it.
Yes, 5 degree varus increases knee torque on medial compartment.
5 degree of lateral wedge (to force knee valgus) reduced peak knee varus torque by 6%
PMR Secrets 3rd Edition Chapter 11 pg15 q25&26
Do high-heeled shoes increase the risk for OA of the knee? What about moderate-heeled shoes? ๐๐
High-heel shoes 2.5 inch or 6 cm increases force across patellofemoral joint and greater compressive force on medial compartment of the knee (23% greater).
Moderate-heel shoes 1.5 inch or 4 cm increase varus torque 14% and knee flexor torque 19%
PMR Secrets 3rd Edition Chapter 11 pg116 q27&28
Gait Impairment With Hip Flexion Contracture
- Decreased hip extension range of motion (ROM)
- Increased anterior pelvic tilt
- Decreased contralateral step length
- Increased knee flexion.
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg462
Gait Impairment in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy ๐๐
๐ก Maintain a weight line posterior to the hip and anterior to the extended knee
- Increased lumbar lordosis โ compensating for weak hip extensors
- Waddling gait โ hip abductor weakness.
- Toe walking โPlantar flexionโ โ compensating for weak knee extensors
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg462
How many degrees does a knee flexion contracture significantly interfere with gait? ๐๐
At 30 degrees due to inducing limb length discrepancy
PMR Secrets 3rd Edition Chapter 11 pg115 q24
Gait Impairment in Plantar Flexion (PF) Weakness, List 4 causes of weak PF.
Gait
- Decreased or absent heel rise and lack of propulsion
- Excessive ankle dorsiflexion
- Persistent knee flexion during stance phase
- Increased energy expenditure
- Decreased stride length
- Decreased walking speed
- Ipsilateral pelvic drop in preswing, causing a lower COG then increased energy consumption since the pelvis rises again during the stance phase of the normal contralateral leg
Causes
๐ก Can also think as UMN (TBI, stroke, SCI) and LMN (Peripheral nerve) or MSK
- Achilles tendon rupture
- Tibial nerve injury
- S1 radiculopathy
- Poliomyelitis
- CharcotโMarieโTooth disease
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg462
What is the gait pattern in a person with weak hip extensors? ๐
Trunk hyperextension (extensor larch) to prevent rapid forward fall at initial contact.
PMR Secrets 3rd Edition Chapter 11 pg115 q20
Patient with OA knee want to use assistive device.
What kind of device you want to give? What consideration? ๐
Device:
Quadrapod cane
Consideration:
- Use it on the sound limb
- High adjustment: Elbow should be bent approximately 15-20 degrees.
- Placed approximately 15-20cm from the outside of the foot
UE gait aids โ crutches, cane, forearm crutch โ list % of weight off-loaded for each ๐๐
When compared to normal unassisted gait the energy expenditure per unit distance is about 18-36% greater for partial wt bearing gaits using either axillary or forearm crutches.
- Cane : 25% off
- Forearm crutches : 40-50% off
- Crutches : 80% of wt off
Ref: Tan p295
Components of Cane. 5 marks. ๐
- Handle
- Adjusting knob for handle
- Shaft
- Adjustable mechanism for height
- Rubber tip
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg506
Cane. List 4 benefits - Measurement - Gait Pattern - How To Use ๐๐
What are the functions of gait aids? List 4 functions of ambulation aids?
Benefits
- Increase base of support (parkinson, ataxia, stroke)
- Decrease loading on lower limbs (injury, arthritic)
- Muscle weakness (excessive knee or hip flexion)
- Provide additional sensory feedback (neglect)
- Assist acceleration/deceleration (hiking)
Measurement
- 20-degree to 30-degree elbow flexion
- Height: base of the heel to the upper border of the greater trochanter
Gait Pattern
- Three-point: Cane and affected limb advance together, bearing more weight to the cane via upper bodyุ then unaffected limb follow forward
How to Use
- Up Stairs (stronger) leg first, down stairs reverse pattern
- Stroke: less-affected hand
- Joint paint: opposite side
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg506
DeLisa 5th Edition Chapter 74 U & LL Prosthetics pg2078
Compare types of canes
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg507
Crutch vs Cane in term of contact with body? ๐๐
Cane has one point of contact with the body.
Crutch has two points of contact with the body
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg507
Advantages of different types of Crutches ๐๐
Muscles that need strengthening in preparation for crutch walking? 4 marks ๐๐
- Latissimus dorsi
- Triceps
- Pectoralis major
- Quads
- Hip extensors
- Hip abductors
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg462-463
Axillary Crutch. Components - Measurement - Drawbacks ๐๐
Components
- Padded axillary piece (on top)
- Two upright shafts
- Hand piece (in middle)
- Extension piece (adjustable)
- Rubber tip.
Measurement
- Elbow flexed 30 degrees
- Wrist in maximal extension
- Fingers forming a fist
- 6 inches (15 cm) lateral to the fifth toe
Drawbacks
- Heavy weight
- Restriction of hand use
- Trouble coordinating gait
- Axillary nerve palsy (Crutch palsy)
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg507
DeLisa 5th Edition Chapter 76 LL Orthotics, Shoes & Aids
Lofstrand Forearm Crutches. Measurement - Advantages ๐๐ EXAM 2021
Measurement
- Forearm piece: 2 inch below the elbow
- Handgrip: 30 degree flexion in elbow
- Placement: 6 inches (15 cm) in front of the body
- Length: level of greater trochanter
Advantages
- Weight bearing across your entire forearm rather than concentrating it on wrist
- Allow the hands to be free without disengaging the crutch from the forearm.
- Reduce the pressure on the axillary nerve and possibly avoid nerve damage
- More lightweight than underarm crutches
- Require a little bit more upper body strength and also help build and promote such strength.
- Improved cardiovascular functionality
Practical Manual of PM&R 1st Edition
Gait patterns in crutches. 3 marks. ๐๐ EXAM 2021 Gait pattern in paraplegic patient.
TWO POINT GATE
- Advancement of right crutch, left foot and left crutch with right foot simultaneously
- Used for ataxic patients, faster than 4 point gait pattern
FOUR POINT GATE
- Right crutch, left foot, left crutch, right foot sequence to be repeated
- Patient bearing on all four points while limb advance simultaneously
- Used fot ataxia, lower limb weakness
- Slow and hard to learn
THREE POINT GATE โ Complete off-loading of the limb
- Three points of support that requires good balance (healthy young patients)
- Both crutches advance together with affected limb advance is same time or swing after stepping on unaffected leg.
- Used for lower limb injuries (fracture, amputation)
PARAPLEGIC GAIT PATTERN (POLIO, CP) โ Complete off-loading of the limb
- Swing to gait
Both crutches advance, arms pushed down, both lower limb swing to level of crutch - Swing through gait
Both crutches advance, arms pushed down, both lower limb swing beyond level of crutch
Practical Manual of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1st Edition
Weight bearing status or levels.
1. Full weight bearing (FWB)
No restrictions and client can bear 100% body weight on the lower extremities (LE).
2. Weight bearing as tolerated (WBAT)
Weight bearing is limited by patient tolerance of weight borne on extremity.
3. Partial weight bearing (PWB):
No restrictions and client can bear 20-70% body weight on the lower extremities (LE).
4. Toe touch weight bearing (TTWB)
Only the toes of the affected extremity contact the floor to improve balance
5. Non-weight bearing (NWB)
No weight is borne on the involved limb
Weight bearing status or levels.
1. Full weight bearing (FWB)
No restrictions and client can bear 100% body weight on the lower extremities (LE).
2. Weight bearing as tolerated (WBAT)
Weight bearing is limited by patient tolerance of weight borne on extremity.
3. Partial weight bearing (PWB):
No restrictions and client can bear 20-70% body weight on the lower extremities (LE).
4. Toe touch weight bearing (TTWB)
Only the toes of the affected extremity contact the floor to improve balance
5. Non-weight bearing (NWB)
No weight is borne on the involved limb
Indication of platform walker/crutches ๐๐
- Arthritic patient (OA, RA)
- Flexion contracture of elbow
- Weak grip due to pain
- Deformities of hand
Practical Manual of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Walker. Indications - Measurement - Advantages - Disadvantages ๐๐
INDICATIONS
- 1 Leg: Unilateral weakness (stroke, OA, fracture)
- 2 Legs: Bilateral weakness and/or incoordination (SCI, Polio)
- Aging: Improve quality of life and confidence (i.e., deconditioned elderly)
- Balance: Increase balance (i.e., multiple sclerosis [MS] or parkinsonism)
- To relieve weight bearing either fully or partially on a LE (allow the upper extremities to transfer body weight to the floor).
- Fear of falling
MEASURMENT
- Shoulders relaxed and the elbows flexed 20 degrees
- 12 inches - 30 cm - Double of usual gait aids
ADVANTAGES
- Provide a wider base of support
- More stable base of support
- Provide a sense of security for patients fearful of ambulation
DISADVANTAGES
- More conspicuous in appearance
- Stooped posture
- Interferes with development of a smooth reciprocal gait pattern with slow cadence
- Interferes with stair negotiation
- Difficult to maneuver through doorways or bathrooms
- Patient become too reliant or emotionally dependent on the stability provided by the walker
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg508
Types of walker
Gait in walker
Full weight bearing
Walker is lifted/moved forward, one foot move forward and other foot move past it.
Partial weight bearing
Walker is lifted/moved forward, affected limb move forward, weight is shifted by upper body, unaffected limb step past affected limb.
Non weight bearing
walker is lifted/moved forward while bearing the weight on upper body, affected limb advance and follow the walker without bearing weight, then unaffected limb step forward.
List 4 Indications of Kaye Walker ๐๐ EXAM 2021
- Cerebral Palsy (Diaplegic)
- Parkinson
- Ataxia
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)
- Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
- Poliomyelitis
- Paraplegic SCI
Dr. Ali & Dr. Maitham Answers
Advantages of Scooter ๐๐ EXAM 2020
Toe off of the floor as the patient stands, or knee flexed too Much
In this trans-tibial gait deviation, name the prosthetic causes and solutions.
Prosthetic causes: foot too dorsiflexed
Solution: plantarflex the foot
Ref: Braddom p301
Q1: BKA with Excessive knee flexion. List 4 Causes๐๐
Q2: Knee too forcefully and rapidly flexes after heel strike; high pressure against the anterior-distal tibia and heel strike and/or prolonged discomfort at this point. In this trans-tibial gait deviation, name the prosthetic causes and solutions.
EXCESSIVE FLEXION
- Weak knee extension
- Knee flexion contracture
- Anterior displacement of the socket
- Posterior displacement of the foot
- โ Ankle dorsiflexion
- Too hard heel cushion
- Excessive heel high
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg501
Q1: A man with a transtibial amputation has recently got a new prosthesis and new shoes. He complains it feels like his knee is being pushed back when he walks. The patient complains of feeling as if they are walking uphill. You observe him walking: his knee is fully extended at initial contact and remains extended for 20% of the stance phase. List 4 common causes of this problem? ๐๐
Q2: โHill-climbingโ sensation toward the end of stance phase In this trans-tibial gait deviation, name the prosthetic causes and solutions.
Excessive knee extension
- Quad weakness
- Distal anterior tibial discomfort
- โ Ankle plantar flexion
- Posterior displacement of the socket
- Anterior displacement of the foot
- Too soft heel cushion
- Habit
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg501 Table 6-12
Transtibial Prosthetics. List 4 Gait Deviations. Draw the problems.
EXCESSIEV FLEXION
- Knee flexion contracture
- โ Ankle dorsiflexion
- Anterior displacement of the socket
- Posterior displacement of the foot
- Too hard heel cushion
- Excessive heel high
- Weak knee extension
EXCESSIEV EXTENSION
- Quad weakness
- Distal anterior tibial discomfort
- โ Ankle plantar flexion
- Posterior displacement of the socket
- Anterior displacement of the foot
- Too soft heel cushion
- Habit
EXCESSIEV VARUS
- Pain on proximal-medial or distal-lateral aspect
- Socket Too Wide
- Lateral placement of socket
- Brim of the socket tilted medially
- Medial placement of prosthetic foot
- Knee Valgus
- Collateral ligament instability
- MCL Tear
- Prosthetic foot inversion
- Short prosthetic length
EXCESSIEV VALGUS
- Pain proximal-lateral or distal-medial aspect
- Lateral placement of prosthetic foot
- Medial placement of socket
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg501
Dragging prosthetic foot, list 4 causes.
Transfemoral Gait Deviations. Abducted gait. 4 causes.
Abducted gait
Very wide-based gait with prosthesis held away from midline at all times
Patient will complain of medial pain and poor balance
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table 6-14 pg503
Transfemoral amputation presented to the clinic with circumduction gait.
Give 3 possible causes & 2 modifications / treatment ๐๐
Causes
- Inadequate knee flexion
- Knee too stiff
- Prosthesis too long
- Inadequate suspension
- Poor gait pattern
- Habitual
- Abductor muscle shortening or overuse
Modifications
- Adjust knee friction or damping
- Adjust prosthesis length
- Physical therapy focusing on gait training and corrective gait pattern.
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table 6-14 pg503
Transfemoral amputation presented to the clinic with circumduction gait.
Give 3 possible causes & 2 modifications / treatment ๐๐
PROSTHETIC
- Prosthesis too long
- Knee too stiff
- Inadequate suspension
AMPUTEE
- Abduction contracture of residual limb
- Muscle weakness
- Fear of stubbing toe and falling
- Habit
Modifications
- Adjust knee friction or damping
- Adjust prosthesis length
- Physical therapy focusing on gait training and corrective gait pattern.
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O Table 6-14 pg503
List 3 gait deviations that commonly occur when a prosthetic leg is too long ๐๐
- Circumduction
- Hip vaulting
- Hip hiking
Lateral Bending Trunk Gait in AKA. List 3 prosthetic and 3 non-prosthetic cause. ๐๐
Give 4 prosthetic and 4 patient causes of ipsilateral lateral trunk lurch in AKA
๐ก Lateral bending of trunk: Excessive bending occurs laterally from midline, generally to prosthetic side
PROSTHETIC CAUSES
- High medial wall
- Prosthesis aligned in abduction
- Prosthesis may be too short
AMPUTEE CAUSES
- Habit pattern
- Poor balance
- Hip abduction contracture
- Oversensitive and painful
- Very short residual limb
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg503 Table 6-14
Vaulting Gait in AKA. List 3 prosthetic and 3 non-prosthetic cause. ๐๐
PROSTHETIC CAUSES
- Prosthesis may be too long
- Too much friction in knee
- Inadequate suspension
AMPUTEE CAUSES
- Fear of stubbing toe and falling
- Residual limb discomfort
- Habit
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg503 Table 6-14
Abducted Gait in AKA. List 3 prosthetic and 3 non-prosthetic cause. ๐๐
PROSTHETIC CAUSES
- Prosthesis may be too long
- Lateral (abduction) displacement of the prosthesis
- High medial wall
- Improperly shaped lateral wall
- Pelvic band placed too far away
AMPUTEE CAUSES
- Hip abduction contracture
- Habit
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg503 Table 6-14
Knee instability in AKA. List 3 prosthetic and 3 non-prosthetic cause. ๐๐
PROSTHETIC CAUSES
- Socket is mounted with excess flexion
- Knee joint may be too far ahead
- Excessive dorsiflexion due to hard plantar flexion bumper (resistance)
AMPUTEE CAUSES
- Hip extensor weakness (canโt resist flexion moment arm)
- Hip flexion contracture (limit extension, more flexion moment arm)
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg504 Table 6-14
Foot Slap in AKA. List the case and how to fix it. ๐
FOOT SLAP
The foot plantar flexes too rapidly and strikes the floor with a slap
PROSTHETIC CAUSES
- Plantar flexion bumper is too soft (insufficient resistance)
Cuccurollo 4th Edition Chapter 6 P&O pg504 Table 6-14
60 M, Right AKA, trauma 25 years ago. Walks into the office with hip hiking.
Describe gait deviation. ๐๐
List 3 prosthetic and three non-prosthetic causes.
Which side is the deviation? Prosthetic side
Swing or stance phase? Swing phase
What do you see? Elevation of the pelvis at the midpoint of swing phase on the residual limb side
Prosthetic reasons:
- Foot in plantarflexion
- Inadequate suspension
- The prosthesis is just too long
- Socket too small
- Limited knee flexion (excessive knee friction or tight extension aid)
Patient reasons:
- Weak hip flexors, cannot initiate knee flexion in swing phase
- Pain
- Habit
Ref: Review notes 2012 (Dudek)
Q1: BKA with Excessive knee flexion. List 4 Causes Q2: Knee too forcefully and rapidly flexes after heel strike; high pressure against anterior-distal tibia and heel strike and/or prolonged discomfort at this point. In this trans-tibial gait deviation, name the prosthetic causes and solutions.
Drop off at end of stance phase. In this trans-tibial gait deviation, name the prosthetic causes and solutions.
Prosthetic causes: Keel too soft
Solution: Stiffer keel foot
Ref: Braddom p301