1 exam review

Question 1

What is Empiricism?

Answer 1

knowledge comes through the senses ; Aristotle, John Locke,

Question 2

What is Behavioralism?

Answer 2

study of behavior through observation

Question 3

who wrote Confessions and why was it important?

Answer 3

St. Augustine ; during the medival era, he was the dominant western authority on psychological questions. He wrote about memory, emotion, and motivation in the self-analysis.

Question 4

Who is Descartes?

Answer 4

First of the modern rationalists ; “I think therefore I am” doubt everything that is not proven by our own reasoning

Question 5

Who created the hierarchy of needs?

Answer 5

Abraham Maslow; He founded the humanistic perspectice. Stressed people’s natural tendency towards self fulfillment

Question 6

who inspired the scientific attitude that favors skepticism, systematic oversavtion, and verification of scientific claims

Answer 6

Francis Bacon; he also founded applied science which uses practical applications to research

Question 7

What did John Locke believe in?

Answer 7

Empiricism & tabula rasa (being born with a blank slate)

Question 8

Immanuel Kant’s beliefs

Answer 8

compromise between rationalism and epiricism; knowledge is the product of inborn cognitive faculties that organize and interpret sensory input from the physical enviorment

Question 9

Who influenced Person - centered therapy?

Answer 9

Carl Rogers; Humanistic and believed humans had free will

Question 10

Who impacted psychoanalysis?

Answer 10

Sigmund Freud

Question 11

Who is William Wundt and why is he important?

Answer 11

The father of psychology; set up a lab that became the site of formal research of many people

Question 12

Define Structuralism

Answer 12

psychological viewpoint that tried to identify the components of the conscious mind; used analytic introspection to achieve this goal

Question 13

What is Functionalism?

Answer 13

study of how the conscious mind helps the individual adapt to the enviorment;

Question 14

What is Gestalt Psychology?

Answer 14

stresses the active role of the mind in organizing sensations into meaningful wholes; (phi phenomenon was apart of this)

Question 15

What is the school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconcious causes of behavior?

Answer 15

Psychoanalysis

Question 16

what is the humanistic perspective?

Answer 16

main point of psychology is the individual’s subjective mental experiences of the world; Maslow & Rogers

Question 17

What is the cognitive perspective?

Answer 17

combines gestalt & behavioral perspectice: study of how the mind organizes perceptions, processes info, and interprets experiences

Question 18

Who is Jean Piaget?

Answer 18

Swigg Psychologist who put the theory of children’s mental development

Question 19

Which viewpoint stresses the relationship of physiological factors to behavior and mental processes?

Answer 19

Biosuchological perspective; scientists study the brain, hormonal system, and the effects of heredititary on psychological functions

Question 20

Which viewpoint focuses on the human behavior in its sociocultural context?

Answer 20

Sociocultural Perspective

Question 21

What makes psychology a science? what potentially disqualifies it from being a science?

Answer 21

Psychology uses the scientific method; it doesn’t provide clearly defined
terminology, quantifiability, highly
controlled experimental conditions,
reproducibility, predictability and
testability

Question 22

What is structuralism?

Answer 22

analyzing the structure of the mind (analytic introspection)

Question 23

Goals of Scientific Research

Answer 23

PCED:
Prediction
Control
Explanation
Description

Question 24

What are th 3 methods of psychological research?

Answer 24

Descriptive
Correlational
Expiremental

Question 25

What's the goal of descriptive research?

Answer 25

to record behaviors that have been happening systematically

Question 26

Case studies, Surveys, Naturalistic Observation, Archival Research, and Psychological Testing are all apart of which method?

Answer 26

Descriptive

Question 27

Descriptive methods use this type of vocab:

Answer 27

Validity Reliability Randomness Standardization

Question 28

The goal of this method is to study relationships b/w variables

Answer 28

Correlational

Question 29

The Experimental Method goal is to

Answer 29

test the effects of one or more variables on another variable

Question 30

Which part of Experimental Research is missing from this list: - Independent variable - Dependent variable - Control group - Experimental group

Answer 30

placebo

Question 31

What is the independent variable in this example: A group of psychologists wanted to test the effect of a certain drug on quality of sleep in adolescents. They set up an experiment where one group of adolescents took the drug before going to bed, while the other group simply took a fake pill with no drug in it, thinking they were also taking the pill before bed. They ensured that all adolescents had similar sleeping conditions and went to bed and woke up at the same time.

Answer 31

The certain drug the students took

Question 32

Treatment, Permission, and Privacy are all important elements of what in psychology?

Answer 32

Ethics

Question 33

The Milgram Experiment demonstrated that...

Answer 33

psychology needed a code of conduct explaining how humans need to be treated in experiments

Question 34

What is the argument between Nature and Nuture?

Answer 34

Nature: biology influences behavior Nuture: enviroment influences behavior (idea comes from evolutionary psychology)

Question 35

What two systems make up the Nervous System?

Answer 35

Central nervous system & peripheral nervous system

Question 36

what is the basic unit of the nervous system?

Answer 36

neuron

Question 37

What sends messages from the central nervous system to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, or skeletal muscles (allow us to move)?

Answer 37

motor neuron

Question 38

What do sensory neurons do?

Answer 38

sends messages from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (allow us to feel)

Question 39

What is the difference between action potential and resting potential?

Answer 39

Action Potential: Electrical charge of neuron in response to a stimulus Resting Potential: Electrical charge of neuron when not firing

Question 40

What system includes hormones?

Answer 40

Endocrine System

Question 41

What does the limbic system help regulate?

Answer 41

memory, emotions, behavior, motivation

Question 42

What is the cebral cortex made up of?

Answer 42

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital Lobes

Question 43

what does the frontal lobe do?

Answer 43

motor functions, has the motor cortex

Question 44

What does the brain stem include?

Answer 44

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 44

Which lobe is in charge of processing sound?

Answer 44

Temporal; it has the auditory cortex

Question 44

Which lobe is responsible for processing bodily sensations and perceiving spatial relations?

Answer 44

Parietal Lobe; contains the Somatosensory cortex: processes information from sensory receptors in the skin

Question 44

What is the main function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 44

Responsible for processing vision has the visual cortex: processes visual input

Question 44

Which part of the brain contributes to the making of memories?

Answer 44

Hippocampus

Question 45

What is neuroplasticity and why is it beneficial?

Answer 45

Brain's ability to adapt: learn a language, rehabilitation, etc. can help with there is trauma to the brain

Question 45

What is the job of the hypothalamus?

Answer 45

regulates aspects of emotion and motivation

Question 45

What does the Medulla do?

Answer 45

regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

Question 46

Difference between Right & Left sides of the brain:

Answer 46

R: Emotional, nonverbal, creativity L: Rational, verbal, language processing, mathematical

Question 47

what helps regulate sleep cycles?

Answer 47

pons

Question 48

define developmental psychology

Answer 48

The field that studies physical, perceptual, cognitive, and psychosocial changes across lifespan.

Question 49

3 research methods of developmental psychology:

Answer 49

Longitudinal: follows persons over a period of time cross-sectional: Compares different age groups at the same time Cohort sequential research: Participants in a specific group defined by a specific factor or quality

Question 50

When is the germinal stage of human development?

Answer 50

from conception - two weeks

Question 51

What stage occurs from the end of the 8th week to birth?

Answer 51

Fetal Stage

Question 52

when is the embryonic stage?

Answer 52

end of 2nd week through 8th week

Question 53

what is the stage of psychosocial develpment & conflicts from ages 6 - puberty, according to erik erikson?

Answer 53

industry vs inferiority

Question 54

I have a nephew that is 6 months old, what is his stage of psychosocial development?

Answer 54

Trust vs mistrust

Question 55

when would a child might experience autonomy vs shame and doubt?

Answer 55

2 years old

Question 56

a 3-5 year old might experience initiative and...

Answer 56

guilt

Question 57

Adolescence conflicts are usually

Answer 57

identity vs role confusion

Question 58

When might someone experience intimacy vs isolation?

Answer 58

Young Adulthood

Question 59

A middle aged man who just got a new motorcycle is experiences stagnation. What else could he be focused on?

Answer 59

Generativity

Question 60

Which stage of adulthood has the conflicts of integrity vs despair?

Answer 60

Late adulthood

Question 61

Jean Piaget's Stages of cognitive development:

Answer 61

Sensorimotor stage: birth - 2 years Preoperational stage: 2 - 7 years Concrete operational stage: 7 - 11 years Formal Operational: 11 - 15 years

Question 62

what do children experience during their preoperational stage?

Answer 62

increase in language, loss of egocentrism

Question 63

When might a child understand the principle of conservation?

Answer 63

Concrete Operational Stage: 7 - 11

Question 64

I'm describing a child that is focused on abstract reasoning and contemplation of future events. What stage might they be in?

Answer 64

Formal Operational: 11 - 15 years

Question 65

What are children learning at the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 65

physical interaction and object permanence

Question 66

4 parenting styles:

Answer 66

Neglectful Permissive Authoritarian Authoritative

Question 67

Kohlberg's levels of moral development:

Answer 67

pre-conventional level: concern with consequences of behavior for oneself conventional level: concern with upholding laws and conventional values and by favoring obedience post-conventional: concern with obeying mutuallly agreed-upon laws, moral principles and by the need to uphold human dignity each lvl increases in awareness and concern for mortality and consequences