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Anatomy and Physiology > 1 Exam Review > Flashcards

1 Exam Review Flashcards

Ch.1-3

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Structure of body parts

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2
Q

What is Physiology

A

Function of how the body parts work

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3
Q

How are A and P related?

A

Complementary: Structure determines Function

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4
Q

What are the levels of structural organization of the human body?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Organ System
  6. Organismal
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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

a dynamic state of equilibrium of the internal environment (stability)

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6
Q

What 2 main organ systems are involved in homeostasis?

A

Nervous and Endocrine System

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7
Q

What is homeostatic control?

A

regulation of the bodys variables

we dont overheat

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8
Q

What are the steps of homeostatic control?

A
  1. Stimulus- produces change
  2. Receptors- detects change
  3. Input- AFFERENT pathway, ENTERS
  4. Control Center- deiciphers change
  5. Effectors- EFFERENT Pathway, EXITS
  6. Response- Returns change to HOMEOSTATIC level
  7. Cycle Repeats
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9
Q

What are the 2 pathways in the control center?

A
  1. Afferent Pathway- approaches
  2. Efferent Pathway- exits
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10
Q

What is the role of negative feedback mechanisms?

A

reduce the effect of the original stimulus

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11
Q

What is the role positive feedback mechanisms?

A

intensify the original stimulus and enhances response

sequence of events

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12
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback mechanisms?

A

labor contractions
blood clotting
platelet plug

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13
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback mechanisms?

A

withdrawal reflex
blood sugar
heart rate
blood pressure

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14
Q

Which feedback mechanism is apart of homeostatic control?

A

Negative Feedback

outputs shut off the original effect of the stimulus

reduces its intensity

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15
Q

Why are positive and negative feedback mechanisms important to the body?

A

work together to prevent homeostatic imbalance

help with balance of the bodies systems

regulate hormone levels

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16
Q

Why do we care about chem and biochem in A and P?

A

chemical reactions underly all physiological processes

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17
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

necessary for health

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18
Q

What is an atom?

A

the basic building block of chemistry

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19
Q

What are the two structural regions that make up an atom?

A

Nucleus and Electron Shells

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20
Q

What are the three basic particles of an atom?

A
  1. Protons- postive
  2. Neutrons- neutral
  3. Electrons- negative
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21
Q

What are the two different models that are used to display an atom?

A

Orbital- represents ELECTRONS as a CLOUD of negative charge

Planetary- ELECTRONS on their VALENCE SHELLS

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22
Q

What does the ph scale range from?

A

0-14

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23
Q

What level of the ph scale is considered neutral?

A

7
ex- water

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24
Q

What levels of the ph scale are considered acidic?

A

less than 7
7-0
ex- more natural substances
blood, milk, coffee, lemon juice

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25
Q

What levels of the ph scale are considered basic (alkaline )?

A

more than 7
7-14
ex- household cleaners

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26
Q

Is hyaluronic acid basic or acidic?

A

not a “true” acid

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27
Q

What is the ph scale based on?

A

concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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28
Q

Describe the anabolic process

A

building up large molecules from small components

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29
Q

Describe exergonic reactions

A

If energy is released when a molecule is broken apart

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30
Q

What is a polyunsaturated lipid?

A

A lipid with four sites lacking hydrogen saturation

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31
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

the process of breaking large molecules into smaller ones by adding water

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32
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A
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33
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

valence electrons are shared

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34
Q

What is a ionic bond?

A
35
Q

What does the prefix Hydr mean?

A

water, hydrogen, or accumulation of fluid

36
Q

What does the prefix An mean?

A

not, without, or upward

37
Q

What does the prefix Ex mean?

A

out of or away from
EXIT

38
Q

What does the prefix Poly mean?

A

many, several, or polymer

39
Q

What does the prefix Co mean?

A

with, together, or shared

40
Q

Why is it important to monitor a persons ph levels on top of monitoring their oxygen levels?

A

Many of the body’s systems only work properly when the pH is within a narrow range

41
Q

Is all cholesterol bad for the body?

A

No there is a difference between good and bad cholesterol

Our cells depend on good cholesterol

42
Q

What is good cholesterol called?

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

prevents the risk of cholesterol building up in the arteries- stroke or heart disease

43
Q

What happens if we cut all cholesterol from our diets?

A

We can’t make vital proteins without it

44
Q

What is bad cholesterol called?

A

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

cholesterol builds up in arteries making them narrow and hard

increased risks of heart disease and strokes

45
Q

What are the main examples of bad cholesterol foods?

A

Full-fat dairy
Processed Meats
Red Meats
Fried Foods
Tropical Oils- ex: palm oil

46
Q

What are the main examples of good cholesterol foods?

A

Olive Oil
Eggs
Purple Produce- ex:purple carrots

47
Q

What is the process of diffusion?

A

Molecules spread out to maximize space from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

48
Q

What is the plasma membrane mainly made up of?

A

Phospholipids

49
Q

What are the two parts of phospholipids?

A
  1. Head- Polar (loves water)
  2. Fatty Acid Tails (fears water)
50
Q

What is the process of the Brownian Motion?

A

When microscopic molecules bump into each other and then change in their direction

51
Q

What are some of the ways that diffusion can be increased?

A
  1. Small molecule size
  2. Higher Temperature
  3. Higher concentration of molecules
52
Q

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

A

Simple Diffusion- molecules can directly pass

Facilitated diffusion- molecules can only pass through the membrane with the aid of a protein.

53
Q

What molecule is most likely to pass through the cell membrane?

A

Na+, Ions pass through more easily

54
Q

What is the main purpose of the cell membrane (aka plasma membrane)?

A

separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

acts as a BARRIER

55
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

equality/balance
equal distance between molecules

56
Q

When is equilibrium reached?

A

when there is no concentration gradient left, same on each side of the membrane

substance is FULLY MIXED

57
Q

What types of molecules can directly pass through the cell membrane with Simple Diffusion?

A

many NON-POLAR molecules

O2 , Co2 , and lipid soluble

58
Q

What types of molecules can directly pass through the cell membrane with Facilitated Diffusion?

A

POLAR and WATER soluble molecules

Na+, K+, and glucose

59
Q

What type of diffusion uses protein channels?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

60
Q

Are ALL diffusions passive or active processes?

A

ALL are Passive

61
Q

What are the differences between PASSIVE and ACTIVE processes?

A

Passive- Spontaneous, Requires NO ENERGY

Active- Aided, more structured, Requires ENERGY

62
Q

What happens in Diffusion externally?

A

Oxygen moves from outside air (lungs) into our blood (vessels) then move across the capillary wall into our cell membrane.

63
Q

What is the process of osmosis?

A

diffusion of WATER through a SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE membrane

64
Q

What are the three main types of diffusion?

A

Simple, Facilitated, and Osmosis

65
Q

What type of diffusion requires water and a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

66
Q

What type of diffusion is very spontaneous?

A

Simple diffusion

67
Q

What is a solution?

A

solutes (nutrients, waste, electrolytes) dissolved in a solvent (water)

Salt + Water = salt water

EX: Body Fluids

68
Q

Why does the amount of Solutes matter in Osmosis?

A

Solute takes up space = less room for water

more solute = less water

69
Q

What is the main part of Osmosis concentration?

A

WATER

70
Q

What is a Isotonic solution?

A

Same solute concentration

“Iso” means EQUAL

NO NET or overall movement

71
Q

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following?

A

Isotonic to each other

72
Q

What is a Hypertonic solution?

A

Solution with the MOST solute

“hyper” means “higher”

73
Q

What is a Hypotonic solution?

A

Solution with the LEAST solute

“hypo” means “lower”

74
Q

What to solutions in Osmosis?

A

Water moves from..
Hypotonic to Hypertonic Solutions

Less Solute= More water and higher H2O concentration

75
Q

What does Tonicity effect in Osmosis?

A

The amount of solute

76
Q

What happens to cells when you become dehydrated?

A

Extracellular Fluid- HYPERTONIC
Intracellular Fluid- HYPOTONIC

Water is drawn out of cells, and cells SHRINK

77
Q

What happens to your cells during Water Intoxication (drinking large amounts of water to quickly)?

A

Extracellular Fluids become HYPOTONIC

Cells SWELL and may RUPTURE

Can be FATAL

78
Q

What are the main examples of ACTIVE transport processes?

A

Endocytosis, Exocytosis

Primary and Secondary Active Transport

79
Q

What are the specific channels that transport proteins use to get water through in Osmosis called?

A

Aqua porins

80
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump do for active transport?

A

Pumps..
SODIUM up from LOW to HIGH concentration

POTASSIUM in from HIGH to LOW concentration

81
Q

What is the main difference between PRIMARY and SECONDARY active transport?

A

Primary- Uses ATP directly as energy source

Secondary- Uses the LEFTOVERS from primary in the form of ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

82
Q

What is the main characteristic of cilia?

A

They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells

83
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Cells GARBAGE DISPOSERS
BREAKS DOWN unwanted materials.

84
Q

What is a negative effect of Lysosomes?

A

They can cause DYSFUNCTION due to BUILD UP if the LYSOSOME QUITS working properly

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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