1 Exam Review Flashcards
Ch.1-3
What is Anatomy?
Structure of body parts
What is Physiology
Function of how the body parts work
How are A and P related?
Complementary: Structure determines Function
What are the levels of structural organization of the human body?
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organismal
What is homeostasis?
a dynamic state of equilibrium of the internal environment (stability)
What 2 main organ systems are involved in homeostasis?
Nervous and Endocrine System
What is homeostatic control?
regulation of the bodys variables
we dont overheat
What are the steps of homeostatic control?
- Stimulus- produces change
- Receptors- detects change
- Input- AFFERENT pathway, ENTERS
- Control Center- deiciphers change
- Effectors- EFFERENT Pathway, EXITS
- Response- Returns change to HOMEOSTATIC level
- Cycle Repeats
What are the 2 pathways in the control center?
- Afferent Pathway- approaches
- Efferent Pathway- exits
What is the role of negative feedback mechanisms?
reduce the effect of the original stimulus
What is the role positive feedback mechanisms?
intensify the original stimulus and enhances response
sequence of events
What are some examples of positive feedback mechanisms?
labor contractions
blood clotting
platelet plug
What are some examples of negative feedback mechanisms?
withdrawal reflex
blood sugar
heart rate
blood pressure
Which feedback mechanism is apart of homeostatic control?
Negative Feedback
outputs shut off the original effect of the stimulus
reduces its intensity
Why are positive and negative feedback mechanisms important to the body?
work together to prevent homeostatic imbalance
help with balance of the bodies systems
regulate hormone levels
Why do we care about chem and biochem in A and P?
chemical reactions underly all physiological processes
Why is homeostasis important?
necessary for health
What is an atom?
the basic building block of chemistry
What are the two structural regions that make up an atom?
Nucleus and Electron Shells
What are the three basic particles of an atom?
- Protons- postive
- Neutrons- neutral
- Electrons- negative
What are the two different models that are used to display an atom?
Orbital- represents ELECTRONS as a CLOUD of negative charge
Planetary- ELECTRONS on their VALENCE SHELLS
What does the ph scale range from?
0-14
What level of the ph scale is considered neutral?
7
ex- water
What levels of the ph scale are considered acidic?
less than 7
7-0
ex- more natural substances
blood, milk, coffee, lemon juice
What levels of the ph scale are considered basic (alkaline )?
more than 7
7-14
ex- household cleaners
Is hyaluronic acid basic or acidic?
not a “true” acid
What is the ph scale based on?
concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
Describe the anabolic process
building up large molecules from small components
Describe exergonic reactions
If energy is released when a molecule is broken apart
What is a polyunsaturated lipid?
A lipid with four sites lacking hydrogen saturation
What is hydrolysis?
the process of breaking large molecules into smaller ones by adding water
What is dehydration synthesis?
What is a covalent bond?
valence electrons are shared
What is a ionic bond?
What does the prefix Hydr mean?
water, hydrogen, or accumulation of fluid
What does the prefix An mean?
not, without, or upward
What does the prefix Ex mean?
out of or away from
EXIT
What does the prefix Poly mean?
many, several, or polymer
What does the prefix Co mean?
with, together, or shared
Why is it important to monitor a persons ph levels on top of monitoring their oxygen levels?
Many of the body’s systems only work properly when the pH is within a narrow range
Is all cholesterol bad for the body?
No there is a difference between good and bad cholesterol
Our cells depend on good cholesterol
What is good cholesterol called?
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
prevents the risk of cholesterol building up in the arteries- stroke or heart disease
What happens if we cut all cholesterol from our diets?
We can’t make vital proteins without it
What is bad cholesterol called?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
cholesterol builds up in arteries making them narrow and hard
increased risks of heart disease and strokes
What are the main examples of bad cholesterol foods?
Full-fat dairy
Processed Meats
Red Meats
Fried Foods
Tropical Oils- ex: palm oil
What are the main examples of good cholesterol foods?
Olive Oil
Eggs
Purple Produce- ex:purple carrots
What is the process of diffusion?
Molecules spread out to maximize space from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
What is the plasma membrane mainly made up of?
Phospholipids
What are the two parts of phospholipids?
- Head- Polar (loves water)
- Fatty Acid Tails (fears water)
What is the process of the Brownian Motion?
When microscopic molecules bump into each other and then change in their direction
What are some of the ways that diffusion can be increased?
- Small molecule size
- Higher Temperature
- Higher concentration of molecules
What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?
Simple Diffusion- molecules can directly pass
Facilitated diffusion- molecules can only pass through the membrane with the aid of a protein.
What molecule is most likely to pass through the cell membrane?
Na+, Ions pass through more easily
What is the main purpose of the cell membrane (aka plasma membrane)?
separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment
acts as a BARRIER
What is equilibrium?
equality/balance
equal distance between molecules
When is equilibrium reached?
when there is no concentration gradient left, same on each side of the membrane
substance is FULLY MIXED
What types of molecules can directly pass through the cell membrane with Simple Diffusion?
many NON-POLAR molecules
O2 , Co2 , and lipid soluble
What types of molecules can directly pass through the cell membrane with Facilitated Diffusion?
POLAR and WATER soluble molecules
Na+, K+, and glucose
What type of diffusion uses protein channels?
Facilitated Diffusion
Are ALL diffusions passive or active processes?
ALL are Passive
What are the differences between PASSIVE and ACTIVE processes?
Passive- Spontaneous, Requires NO ENERGY
Active- Aided, more structured, Requires ENERGY
What happens in Diffusion externally?
Oxygen moves from outside air (lungs) into our blood (vessels) then move across the capillary wall into our cell membrane.
What is the process of osmosis?
diffusion of WATER through a SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE membrane
What are the three main types of diffusion?
Simple, Facilitated, and Osmosis
What type of diffusion requires water and a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
What type of diffusion is very spontaneous?
Simple diffusion
What is a solution?
solutes (nutrients, waste, electrolytes) dissolved in a solvent (water)
Salt + Water = salt water
EX: Body Fluids
Why does the amount of Solutes matter in Osmosis?
Solute takes up space = less room for water
more solute = less water
What is the main part of Osmosis concentration?
WATER
What is a Isotonic solution?
Same solute concentration
“Iso” means EQUAL
NO NET or overall movement
In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following?
Isotonic to each other
What is a Hypertonic solution?
Solution with the MOST solute
“hyper” means “higher”
What is a Hypotonic solution?
Solution with the LEAST solute
“hypo” means “lower”
What to solutions in Osmosis?
Water moves from..
Hypotonic to Hypertonic Solutions
Less Solute= More water and higher H2O concentration
What does Tonicity effect in Osmosis?
The amount of solute
What happens to cells when you become dehydrated?
Extracellular Fluid- HYPERTONIC
Intracellular Fluid- HYPOTONIC
Water is drawn out of cells, and cells SHRINK
What happens to your cells during Water Intoxication (drinking large amounts of water to quickly)?
Extracellular Fluids become HYPOTONIC
Cells SWELL and may RUPTURE
Can be FATAL
What are the main examples of ACTIVE transport processes?
Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Primary and Secondary Active Transport
What are the specific channels that transport proteins use to get water through in Osmosis called?
Aqua porins
What does the sodium potassium pump do for active transport?
Pumps..
SODIUM up from LOW to HIGH concentration
POTASSIUM in from HIGH to LOW concentration
What is the main difference between PRIMARY and SECONDARY active transport?
Primary- Uses ATP directly as energy source
Secondary- Uses the LEFTOVERS from primary in the form of ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
What is the main characteristic of cilia?
They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells
What are Lysosomes?
Cells GARBAGE DISPOSERS
BREAKS DOWN unwanted materials.
What is a negative effect of Lysosomes?
They can cause DYSFUNCTION due to BUILD UP if the LYSOSOME QUITS working properly
