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Clinical Parasitology Lecture (books edition) > 1: ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA > Flashcards

1: ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Flashcards

1
Q

Common associated disease or condition names

A

Intestinal amebiasis, amebic colitis, amebic dysentery, extraintestinal amebiasis

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2
Q

e trophozoite exhibits rapid, unidirectional,
progressive movement, achieved with the help of ______________________

A

finger-like hyaline pseudopods

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3
Q

The single nucleus typically contains a small central mass of chromatin known as _________

A

karyosome (karyosomal chromatin)

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4
Q

The karyosome of this amebic parasite is surrounded by chromatin material, a morphologic structure called ___________ ____________.

A

peripheral chromatin

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5
Q

Motility

A

Progressive, finger-like
pseudopodia

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6
Q

Number of nuclei

A

One

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7
Q

Karyosome

A

Small and central

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8
Q

Peripheral chromatin

A

Fine and evenly distributed

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Finely granular

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10
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusions

A

Ingested red blood cells

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11
Q

The E. histolytica trophozoite contains a ____________ ____________ __________, which is often referred to as having a ground glass in appearance.

A

finely granular cytoplasm

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12
Q

Young cysts characteristically contain unorganized chromatin material that transforms into squared or round-ended structures called _____________

A

chromatoid bars

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13
Q

structures that contain condensed RNA material.

A

chromatoid bars

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14
Q

It is a cytoplasmic area without defined borders that is believed to represent stored food, is also usually visible in young cysts

A

glycogen mass

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15
Q

Nuclear variations during maturation

A
  • eccentric (rather than the typical central) karyosomes
  • thin plaques of peripheral chromatin, or
  • a clump of peripheral chromatin at one side of the nucleus that appears crescent shaped.
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16
Q

The mature infective cyst is

A

quadrinucleated

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17
Q

RBCs, bacteria, yeast, and other debris are not found in the cyst stage.

A

True

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18
Q

Laboratory Diagnosis

A
  • traditional wet preparation
  • permanent staining techniques
  • sigmoidoscopy procedure
  • hepatic abscess material
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19
Q

A special medium known at ________ supports E. histolytica in culture.

A

TYI-S-33

20
Q

Once the infective cyst is ingested, excystation occurs in the __________________.

A

small intestine

21
Q

As a result of the nuclear division, a single cyst produces _____ motile trophozoites.

A

eight

22
Q

These motile amebas settle
in the ______ of the large intestine, where they replicate by ________ fission and feed on living host cells

A

lumen, binary

23
Q

Encystation occurs in the _________________

A

intestinal lumen

24
Q

cyst formation is complete when ___ nuclei are present.

A

four

25
Q

Liquid or semi-formed samples may show __________ if the intestinal motility is rapid.

A

trophozoites

26
Q

_________ will form, on the other hand, if the intestinal motility is normal.

A

Cysts

27
Q

The range of symptoms
varies and depends on two major factors:

A

(1) the location(s) of the parasite in the host; and
(2) the extent of tissue invasion

28
Q

Asymptomatic Carrier State

A

(1) the parasite is a low-virulence strain;
(2) the inoculation into the host is low; and (3) the patient’s immune system is intact.

29
Q

Symptomatic Intestinal Amebiasis

A
  • amebic colitis
  • amebic dysentery (characterized by blood and mucus in the stool)
30
Q

Symptomatic Extraintestinal Amebiasis.

A
  • trophozoites that migrate into the bloodstream are removed by and take up residence in the liver.
  • amebic pneumonitis
  • Venereal amebiasis
  • Penile amebiasis
31
Q

Treatment

A

Asymptomatic individuals may be treated
with:
- paromomycin
- diloxanide furoate (Furamide)
- metronidazole (Flagyl)
Patients showing symptomatic intestinal amebiasis:
- iodoquinol
paromomycin
diloxanide furoate
Symptomatic intestinal amebiasis treatment:
- Metronidazole
- Tinidazole

32
Q

Entamoeba except E. histolytica,
E. dispar, and E. moshkovskii are differentiated by

A

isoenzyme analysis polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP), and typing with
monoclonal antibodies

33
Q

most invasive of the Entamoeba parasites and the only member of the family to cause colitis and liver abscess

A

Entamoeba histolytica

34
Q

The quadrinucleate cyst is resistant to
____________ and __________

A

gastric acidity, desiccation

35
Q

Trophozoites have the ability to colonize
and/or invade the ___________, while cysts are never found within invaded ________.

A

large bowel, tissues

36
Q

E. histolytica trophozoites multiply by ___________.

A

binary fission

37
Q

They encyst producing uninucleate cysts, which then undergo two successive nuclear divisions to form the characteristic ______________________

A

quadrinucleate cysts

38
Q

nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes

A

pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase and hsp60

39
Q

most common extra-intestinal form of amebiasis.

A

Amebic liver abscess (ALA)

40
Q

cardinal manifestations of ALA

A

fever and right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain

41
Q

The most serious complication of amebic
colitis is

A

perforation and secondary bacterial peritonitis

42
Q

activated macrophages produce _______________ which was lethal to trophozoites.

A

nitric oxide (NO)

43
Q

The standard method of parasitologic
diagnosis is microscopic__________________________.

A

detection of the trophozoites and cysts in stool specimens

44
Q

Stool culture using _____________________is
more sensitive than stool microscopy, but is not routinely available.

A

Robinson’s and Inoki medium

45
Q

gold standard

A

ELISA & PCR

46
Q

____________ is the drug of choice
for the treatment of invasive amebiasis

A

Metronidazole

47
Q

____________________ of liver abscess is
indicated for patients who do not respond
to metronidazole and who need prompt
symptomatic relief of severe pain

A

Percutaneous drainage

Clinical Parasitology Lecture (books edition) (10 decks)

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