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Physics Paper 1 > 1-Energy > Flashcards

1-Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a system mean

A

A single object or group of objects that you r interested in

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2
Q

What happens when a system changes

A

Energy is transferred

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3
Q

What is a closed system

A

Neither matter or energy can enter or leave

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4
Q

How can energy be transferred

A

Heating
Doing work
Radiation
Electrically

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5
Q

What is the equation for kinetic energy

A

Kinetic energy(J) =1/2mass(Kg) x speed2 (m/s)2

Ek = 1/2mv*2

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6
Q

What is the equation for gravitational potential energy

A

g.p.e(J) = Mass(kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x Height(m)

Ep = mgh

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7
Q

When there is no air resistance, what happens to a falling object’s energy stores

A

Energy lost from g.p.e store =

Energy gained in the kinetic energy store

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8
Q

What is the equation for elastic potential energy

A

Elastic potential energy(J) = 1/2 x spring constant (N/m) x extension*2(m)

Ee = 1/2ke*2

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9
Q

What is specific heat capacity

A

The amount of energy need to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C

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10
Q

What is the equation that links change in thermal energy to specific heat capacity

A

Change in thermal energy(J) = Mass(kg) x specific heat capacity(J/kg°C) x Temperature change(°C)

^E = mc^Ø

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11
Q

What is the conservation of energy principle

A

Energy can be transferred usefully, stored or dissipated but can never be created or destroyed

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12
Q

What is the power equation linking to energy transferred

A

Power(W) = Energy transferred(J) / Time (s)

P=E/t

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13
Q

What is the power equation linking to work done

A

Power(W) = Work done(J) / Time (s)

P=W/t

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14
Q

What is conduction

A

The process where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particles

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15
Q

What is thermal conductivity a measure of

A

How quickly energy is transferred through a material through conduction

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16
Q

What is convection

A

Where energetic particles move away from hotter to cooler regions

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17
Q

What can convection go through

A

Gases and liquids because their particles can move

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18
Q

What can be used to reduce frictional force

A

Lubricants, like oil

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19
Q

What are some examples of thermal insulation used in housing

A

Cavity wall insulation,
Loft insulation,
Double glazed windows,
Draught excluders

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20
Q

How can the effectiveness of materials as thermal insulators be measured

A

Fill a sealable container with boiled water and record starting temp,
Wrap beaker in different materials a leave it for 5minutes each time,
Measure final temperature,
The lower the temperature change, the better the insulator

21
Q

How can u calculate the efficiency for a energy transfer

A

Efficiency =

Useful output energy transfer / total input energy transfer

22
Q

How can efficiency of a device in terms of power be calculated

A

Efficiency =

Useful power output / total power input

23
Q

Examples of non renewable energy resources

A

Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Nuclear

24
Q

Examples of renewable energy resources

A 
Solar
Wind
Bio-fuel
Hydro-electricity 
Geothermal 
Tidal
Water waves
25
Q

How do wind turbines work

A

Each turbine has a generator inside and the rotating blades turn the generator

26
Q

What are advantages or wind turbines

A

Very little pollution (only in manufacture)
No permanent damage to environment
No fuel costs
Minimal running costs

27
Q

What are disadvantages or wind turbines

A 
Spoil views,
Can be very noisy,
Don’t work if wind stops,
Impossible to increase supply if there is extra demand,
Initial costs r high
28
Q

Advantages of solar cells

A

Can be used in remote areas
Little pollution (only in manufacture)
Very reliable source in sunny countries
Very small running costs

29
Q

Disadvantages of solar cells

A

Can’t increase power output when there is extra demand
Initial costs are high
Generate electricity on a relatively small scale

30
Q

Advantages of geothermal energy

A

Reliable
Very little damage to environment
Can be used to generate electricity or heat homes directly

31
Q

Disadvantages of geothermal

A

Not very many suitable locations

Cost of building a power plant is high compared to energy output

32
Q

Advantages of hydro-electricity

A

Can provide an immediate response to an increased demand for electricity
Reliable
No fuel costs
Minimal running costs

33
Q

Disadvantages of hydro-electricity

A

Big impact on environment due to the flooding of the valley
Ugly when the reservoirs dry up
Initial costs r high

34
Q

Advantages of wave power

A

No fuel costs
Minimal running costs
Useful in small islands

35
Q

Disadvantages of wave power

A 
Disturbs the seabed
Spoils the view
Hazard for boats
Fairly unreliable since the waves die out when wind stops
Initial costs are high
36
Q

How do tidal barrages work

A

Big dams built across river estuaries with turbines in them. As the tide comes in, it fills up the estuary and then the water is allowed out through turbines at a controlled speed

37
Q

Advantages of tidal barrages

A

No pollution
Pretty reliable as the tide comes in twice a day
No fuel costs
Minimal running costs
Potential for generating a significant amount of energy

38
Q

Disadvantages of tidal barrages

A 
Prevent free access by boats
Spoils view
Alters habitat
Smaller tides will produce significantly less energy than bigger ones
Initial cost is high
39
Q

How do biofuels work

A

Plant products or animal dung is burnt to produce electricity

40
Q

Advantages of biofuels

A

Fairly reliable as crops take a relatively short time to grow
Supposedly carbon neutral but some debate over it

41
Q

Disadvantages of biofuels

A

Cost to refine biofuels is very high
Large areas of forest have been cleared to make room to grow biofuels
Worry that crops specifically grown for biofuels leave no space or water for food crops

42
Q

Advantages of non-renewable power

A 
Reliable
Power plants can respond to changes in demand 
Low running costs
Fairly low fuel extraction costs 
Cost effective
43
Q

What r the impacts of fossil fuels on the environment

A

Release lots CO2 into environment
Releases sulfur dioxide- acid rain
Coal mining destroys habitats
Oil spillages affect mammals and birds in that area

44
Q

What r the disadvantages of nuclear power

A

Nuclear waste is difficult and dangerous to dispose of
Overall cost is high
Risk of catastrophes

45
Q

Why r more renewable energy resources being used

A

People and government r becoming increasingly aware that non-renewables will run out,
Government set targets and put pressure on energy providers
Ethical and moral reasons
Electric and hybrid cars r increasing in popularity

46
Q

How does money limit the use of renewables

A

Building new power plants is expensive so energy providers r reluctant to do this
The cost of switching will have to be paid either by customers in their bills or through taxes
New products like cars a expensive for customers

47
Q

How does politics affect the use of renewables

A

People don’t want to live next to a power station and there r arguments over whether forcing them is ethical

48
Q

How does reliability limit the use of renewables

A

Some, like wind, are not as reliable as fossil fuels and others can not increase power on demand.

Physics Paper 1 (4 decks)

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