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Year 2 - Committy 1 - Biochemistry > 1- Devolpmental Biochemistry > Flashcards

1- Devolpmental Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

1- what are cell developmental signals ?

A

The cell development signals are the basic mechanisms of cell fate determination.

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2
Q

2- how are the all the steps in development are programed by developmental signals ?

A

All the steps in development are programmed and have a reproducible pattern controlled by the developmental signals.

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3
Q

How does developmental signaling take place ?

A

1- Direct intercellular interactions
2- Diffusible substances ( Morphogens ) released by other cells .

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4
Q

What are the 6 major morphogens ?

A

1- bicoid
2- sonic hedgehog (SHH)
3- wingless (WNT)
4- retinoic acid (RA)
5- Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
6- Fibroblast growth factor

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5
Q

What is the ventricular zone ?

A

The ventricular zone is cross-section through the nervous system early in development

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6
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

Glial cells help to guide the migration of newly formed neurons

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7
Q

?‏ what is retinoic acid

A

Tonic acid is a morphine and a derivative of vitamin A ( retinol )

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8
Q

?‏ what is retinoic acid

A

Tonic acid is a morphine and a derivative of vitamin A ( retinol )

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9
Q

What are morphogens ?

A

Morphogens are signaling molecules involved in the patterning of cells during embryogenesis

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10
Q

How does the morphogens determine tissue pattern during morphogenesis ?

A

The Morphogens use their non-uniform distribution to determine tissue pattern during morphogenesis

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11
Q

How happens when retinoic acid patterns vertebrate embryos ?

A

Retinoic acid patterns, vertebrate embryos by forming an interior to posterior (A – P) concentration gradient.

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12
Q

How happens when retinoic acid patterns vertebrate embryos ?

A

Retinoic acid patterns, vertebrate embryos by forming an interior to posterior (A – P) concentration gradient.

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13
Q

How does retinoic acid switch retinoic acid receptors from repressor to transcriptional activators?

A

Retic acid act as a ligand for transcription factors of the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) nuclear receptors superfamily, switching them from receptors to transcriptional activators

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14
Q

How does a high dose of retinoic acid interfere with the normal developmental process?

A

Retic acid alters the expression of Hox genes in early gestation ( first month post-fertilization in humans)

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15
Q

How does a high dose of retinoic acid interfere with the normal developmental process?

A

Retic acid alters the expression of Hox genes in early gestation ( first month post-fertilization in humans)

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16
Q

What happened when a mouse embryo is exposed to retinoic acid ?

A

When retic acid is given to a mouse embryo during morphogenesis result in severe skeletal deformities.

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17
Q

What happens when a pregnant woman uses retinoic acid for treatment of acne?

A

Pregnant woman using retinoic acid for treatment of acne has bear defects.

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18
Q

What is the similarity between insecticide metamorphic and retinoic acid?

A

-The molecular structure of degradation product of insecticide metamorphic is similar to retinoic acid.
-Methoprenoic acidn (MA) can buy two retinoic acid receptors on cells and activate them,

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19
Q

What happens when environmental pollution with industrial discharge of chemicals ?

A

Birth defects and abortion

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20
Q

What are the early embryonic genes and what is there use?

A

Early embryonic genes (maternal effect, genes and segmentation genes) express proteins that set up the orientation and define the body segments.

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21
Q

What is the function of the homeotoic genes?

A

The homeotic genes act on the segments to make the body parts distinct to each segment and regulate differentiation.

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22
Q

What is the function of the homeotoic genes?

A

The homeotic genes act on the segments to make the body parts distinct to each segment and regulate differentiation.

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23
Q

What are the genes encoded proteins called and what is its function ?

A

The jeans and coded protein is called transcription factors that direct cells to form various parts of the body.

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24
Q

What is the use of Drosophila?

A

Most of what we know about molecular basis of animal development has come from the studies of model systems, such as Drosophila.

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25
Q

What is the similarity between drosophila and human development?

A

Drosophila and human development, utilize closely regulated, genes working in highly conserved regulatory cascades

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26
Q

What is the difference between Drosophila and human development?

A

Drosophila is subject to easy genetic manipulation as experiments with poor animals is not unethical

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27
Q

What is the difference between Drosophila and human development?

A

Drosophila is subject to easy genetic manipulation as experiments with poor animals is not unethical

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28
Q

Why the Drosophila melanogaster has been chosen as a developmental model ?

A

1– fruit fly (easily obtained)
2- short developing period (7 days)
3- sure life cycle (30 days)
4- well defined genome

29
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Segmentation defines body segments. It is a simple and universal solution for increased function.

30
Q

What are the three major classes of genes that control segmentation and differentiation?

A

A. Maternal effect genes.
B. Segmentation genes ( gap genes . Pair-rule genes , segment polarity genes

31
Q

What are the three major classes of genes that control segmentation and differentiation?

A

A. Maternal effect genes.
B. Segmentation genes ( gap genes . Pair-rule genes , segment polarity genes )
C. Homeotic selector (HOX) genes

32
Q

What does body segment and HOX genes do?

A

Body segments differentiate.
HOX genes tell which segment should have legs, wings, etc.

33
Q

What does body segment and HOX genes do?

A

Body segments differentiate.
HOX genes tell which segment should have legs, wings, etc.

34
Q

What are maternal effect genes responsible for?

A

Maternal effect genes are responsible from head to tail polarization, mutations in these genes will destroy cellular polarization and result in monster mutants that cannot survive.

35
Q

What is an dicephalic or bicaudal embryo ?

A

-Dicephalic is a two headed embryos with no tail
-Bicaudal is a two tailed embryo with no head

36
Q

Why is the polarization of the zygote good essential?

A

The polarization of the zygote is essential for the development of the embryo correctly.

37
Q

What is polarity?

A

Polarity is the head to tail and top to bottom orientation of the embryo.

38
Q

What are the material that are distributed and equally in the cell or zygote ?

A

The cytoplasmic Determinations are distributed equally in egg or zygote. Like mRNA, proteins, yolk, etc.

39
Q

As the cell divides what happens when these materials are distributed and equally to daughter cells?

A

As the cell divides these materials are distributed and equally to the cell resulting in polarity of the cell/embryo.

40
Q

How is the Drosophila oocyte is head to tail polarized by nurse cells?

A

The polarization is succeeded, mostly by the mRNA of the bicoid proteins secreted by nurse cell from the atrium

41
Q

What happens when theBicoid protein concentration gradually decreases from head to tail?

A

When theBicoid protein concentration gradually decreases from head to tail a bicoid protein gradient is formed.

42
Q

In the segmentation genes, what does gap genes do?

A

Gap genes Divide the embryo into several broad regions, their mutations lead the gaps in the segmentation patterns.

43
Q

What happens in the pair-rule genes In the segmentation genes?

A

The pair-rule genes divide gaps into segments mutations lead to loss of portions of every second segment,

44
Q

What happens in the segment polarity genes in the segmentation genes?

A

The segment polarity, genes specify the polarity of development segments embryo with engrailed mutation slug, the posterior compartments of each segment.

45
Q

What is the function of homeotic selector genes?

A

Homeotic selector genes are “ master” in the control network governing segmental differentiation it’s products serves segmental differentiation to different body parts

46
Q

What is the use of homeotic selector genes?

A

It it gives the functional characteristics of the segments of an organism

47
Q

What does mutations in the homeotic genes provide?

A

It provides some of the most competing evidence for their importance in the development of the segment of the organisms

48
Q

what is the function of the HOX genes ?

A

HOX genes code for controller proteins that turn genes on and off.

49
Q

What happens when activating HOX genes protein in a cell ?

A

It will change the activities of dozens/hundreds of genes does changing the properties of the cell and tissue it’s in

50
Q

What is Homeobox?

A

It is homeotic genes containing a sequence of 180 nucleotides

51
Q

What does homeobox contain?

A

It contains about 30% basic amino acid (Arg and Lys)

52
Q

What is homeodomain ?

A

Homeodomain it is the homeobox codes for a 60 amino acid homeotic polypeptide.

53
Q

What does the homeodomain folded into?

A

It folds into a 60 amino acid helix – turn – helix (HTH) structure in which three alpha helices are connected by short loop regions.

54
Q

What does the homeodomain helix– turn – helix bind to?

A

It is able to bind to DNA

55
Q

What are the types of homeotic genes of D. Melanogaster ?

A

1- antennapedia complex ( ANT-C ) which affects the development of head and thoracic segments.
2- bithorax complex (BX-C) which controls development of the Thor and abdominal segments.

56
Q

What is an example for the antennapedia mutation?

A

Legs grow from the head of a fly instead of the expected antigen

57
Q

What is an example of bithorax mutation ?

A

When drosophila Has four wings instead of two

58
Q

What is the name of the for chromosomal clusters of the human homeobox genes ?

A

HOXA, HOXB, HOXC, HOXD

59
Q

In humans, what is the result of the mutations in the HOXD13 result in ?

A

It results in syndactyly which is a malformation characterized by fusion of digits

60
Q

What happens when a gene is not needed for a cell type?

A

It is turned off by adding a methyl group (methylation)

61
Q

How is DNA methylated ?

A

It is methylated by DNA methyltransfers (DNAMT)

62
Q

How does DNA methylation repress a gene transcription?

A

When located in a gene promoter

63
Q

What are the two out of four bases that can be methylated?

A

Cytosine and adenine

64
Q

Why is DNA mutilation essential for normal growth?

A

1-Silencing retroviral elements
2-Regulating tissue – specific gene expression
3-Genomic imprinting
4-X chromosome inactivation

65
Q

What happens in the inhibition of DNA with inhibition in mice?

A

It results in death before birth

66
Q

What happens in the X-chromosome inactivation?

A

X – inactivation prevents them from having twice as many X chromosome gene product as male who all process a single copy of the X chromosome

67
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.

68
Q

What happens in a ptosis during metamorphosis of a third pole into a frog?

A

The cells in the tadpole tail are induced to undergo apoptosis so The tail is lost thus an increase in the thyroid hormone and blood simulate all the changes.

69
Q

How is apoptosis used in human?

A

Formation of a mature hand is achieved through a apoptosis.
The webbing of human digits .

Year 2 - Committy 1 - Biochemistry (4 decks)

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