1 - CNS Structures

Question 1

The nervous system is mainly comprised of the ______ and the _______

Answer 1

The nervous system is mainly comprised of the CNS and the PNS

Question 2

What is generated within the cerebrum?

Answer 2

Emotions, thoughts, memories and other ‘higher’ NS functions

Question 3

The ______ is the most recent part of the brain during evolutionary development

Answer 3

The cerebral cortex is the most recent part of the brain during evolutionary development

Question 4

The cerebral cortex is primarily involved in __________ and consists of ______(4)

Answer 4

The cerebral cortex is primarily involved in cognitive functions and consists of lobes, sulci. gyri. and fissures (4)

Question 5

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Difference between fissures, gyri and sulci?

Answer 5

• Fissure: cleft reaching deep into the cerebrum
• Sulci: shallow groove
• Gyrus: crest between 2 sulci

Question 6

What is important about the folding of the surface of the cortex?

Answer 6

Ensures that a large number of neurons (and glial cells) can be packed into a relatively small skull volume

Question 7

What are the lobes within the cerebral cortex

Answer 7

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Temporal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Question 8

IMAGE SLIDE 2

The primary motor cortex is located in front of the ___________

Answer 8

The primary motor cortex is located in front of the somatosensory cortex (important anatomical reference landmark located behind the central sulcus)

Question 9

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Located in front of the primary motor cortex are the __________ and the _________

Answer 9

Located in front of the primary motor cortex are the supplementary motor cortex and the premotor area

Question 10

What does PET imaging allow?

Answer 10

PET imagining enables visualization of populations of active neurons indirectly, specifically via an increase in cerebral blood flow due to increased activity-dependent demand of these brain cells for oxygen and glucose

Question 11

In a PET scan

Hearing words activates _______

Seeing words activates ________

Speaking words activates _______

Generating words activates ________

Answer 11

In a PET scan

Hearing words activates Wernickes area (overlaps with the auditory (sensory) cortex

Seeing words activates primary visual cortex and the neighboring association area within the occipital lobe

Speaking words activates The motor cortex

Generating words activates a portion of the frontal cortex

Question 12

The limbic system is involved in which processes?

Answer 12

Emotional processes such as fear or joy and in memory formation

Question 13

SLIDE 3

Where is the amygdala located?

Answer 13

Amygdala is “center piece” of the limbic system located deep within and under the tip of the frontal lobe

Question 14

In cooperation with regions of the cortex on the lower surface of the frontal lobe, the amygdala is involved in _________

Answer 14

In cooperation with regions of the cortex on the lower surface of the frontal lobe, the amygdala is involved in emotional states

Question 15

How does the amygdala interact with other areas of the brain? What does it influence?

Answer 15

The amygdala interacts with other parts of the brain via extensive reciprocal (feedback) connections that can influence emotions about external stimuli, decision making, memory or attention

Question 16

SLIDE 3

LABEL THE COMPONENTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

Answer 16

LABEL THE COMPONENTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM

Question 17

What are the three components of the brainstem?

Answer 17

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

Question 18

The corpus callosum consists of nerve fibres that are enwrapped by ____________

Answer 18

The corpus callosum consists of nerve fibres that are enwrapped by oligodendrocyte-type glial cells

Question 19

Axons of the corpus callosum form _______ which allow ______

Answer 19

Axons of the corpus callosum form tracts which allow connection between the two hemispheres

Question 20

The cerebellum contains _________ circuits that are involved in ________

Answer 20

The cerebellum contains neuron-glia circuits (neuron networks) circuits that are involved in fine-tuning of motor processes like the control of posture or playing an instrument

Question 21

The medulla oblongata of the brainstem contains neural networks that control __________

Answer 21

The medulla oblongata of the brainstem contains neural networks that control autonomous regulatory systems like the respiratory and cardiovascular neural netwoks

Question 22

What makes up the gray matter?

Answer 22

Mostly cell bodies (somata)

Dendrites of neurons

astrocytes

Question 23

White matter consists of:

Answer 23

axon tracts insulated by oligodendrocytes

Question 24

______ glial cells enwrap axons in peripheral nerves

Answer 24

Schwann-type glial cells enwrap axons in peripheral nerves

Question 25

The 4 brain vesicles are filled with ________ that has an ion content similar to:

Answer 25

The 4 brain vesicles are filled with cerebral spinal fluid that has an ion content similar to: the extracellular (interstitial) space between brain cells

Question 26

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Where is the thalamus located in relation to the lateral ventricle

Answer 26

The thalamus is ventral to the lateral ventricle

Question 27

Deep within the cerebral hemispheres is a brain region comprised of the ________

Answer 27

Deep within the cerebral hemispheres is a brain region comprised of the basal nuclei (basal ganglia)

Question 28

What is the basal ganglia important for?

Answer 28

Controlling movement and posture and more complex aspects of behaviour (eg emotions)

Question 29

What senses the position of the limbs and joints

Answer 29

Proprio-receptors