1 - CNS Structures Flashcards
The nervous system is mainly comprised of the ______ and the _______
The nervous system is mainly comprised of the CNS and the PNS
What is generated within the cerebrum?
Emotions, thoughts, memories and other ‘higher’ NS functions
The ______ is the most recent part of the brain during evolutionary development
The cerebral cortex is the most recent part of the brain during evolutionary development
The cerebral cortex is primarily involved in __________ and consists of ______(4)
The cerebral cortex is primarily involved in cognitive functions and consists of lobes, sulci. gyri. and fissures (4)
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Difference between fissures, gyri and sulci?
- Fissure: cleft reaching deep into the cerebrum
- Sulci: shallow groove
- Gyrus: crest between 2 sulci
What is important about the folding of the surface of the cortex?
Ensures that a large number of neurons (and glial cells) can be packed into a relatively small skull volume
What are the lobes within the cerebral cortex
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
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The primary motor cortex is located in front of the ___________
The primary motor cortex is located in front of the somatosensory cortex (important anatomical reference landmark located behind the central sulcus)
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Located in front of the primary motor cortex are the __________ and the _________
Located in front of the primary motor cortex are the supplementary motor cortex and the premotor area
What does PET imaging allow?
PET imagining enables visualization of populations of active neurons indirectly, specifically via an increase in cerebral blood flow due to increased activity-dependent demand of these brain cells for oxygen and glucose
In a PET scan
Hearing words activates _______
Seeing words activates ________
Speaking words activates _______
Generating words activates ________
In a PET scan
Hearing words activates Wernickes area (overlaps with the auditory (sensory) cortex
Seeing words activates primary visual cortex and the neighboring association area within the occipital lobe
Speaking words activates The motor cortex
Generating words activates a portion of the frontal cortex
The limbic system is involved in which processes?
Emotional processes such as fear or joy and in memory formation
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Where is the amygdala located?
Amygdala is “center piece” of the limbic system located deep within and under the tip of the frontal lobe
In cooperation with regions of the cortex on the lower surface of the frontal lobe, the amygdala is involved in _________
In cooperation with regions of the cortex on the lower surface of the frontal lobe, the amygdala is involved in emotional states
How does the amygdala interact with other areas of the brain? What does it influence?
The amygdala interacts with other parts of the brain via extensive reciprocal (feedback) connections that can influence emotions about external stimuli, decision making, memory or attention
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LABEL THE COMPONENTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
LABEL THE COMPONENTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
What are the three components of the brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
The corpus callosum consists of nerve fibres that are enwrapped by ____________
The corpus callosum consists of nerve fibres that are enwrapped by oligodendrocyte-type glial cells
Axons of the corpus callosum form _______ which allow ______
Axons of the corpus callosum form tracts which allow connection between the two hemispheres
The cerebellum contains _________ circuits that are involved in ________
The cerebellum contains neuron-glia circuits (neuron networks) circuits that are involved in fine-tuning of motor processes like the control of posture or playing an instrument
The medulla oblongata of the brainstem contains neural networks that control __________
The medulla oblongata of the brainstem contains neural networks that control autonomous regulatory systems like the respiratory and cardiovascular neural netwoks
What makes up the gray matter?
Mostly cell bodies (somata)
Dendrites of neurons
astrocytes
White matter consists of:
axon tracts insulated by oligodendrocytes
______ glial cells enwrap axons in peripheral nerves
Schwann-type glial cells enwrap axons in peripheral nerves
The 4 brain vesicles are filled with ________ that has an ion content similar to:
The 4 brain vesicles are filled with cerebral spinal fluid that has an ion content similar to: the extracellular (interstitial) space between brain cells
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Where is the thalamus located in relation to the lateral ventricle
The thalamus is ventral to the lateral ventricle
Deep within the cerebral hemispheres is a brain region comprised of the ________
Deep within the cerebral hemispheres is a brain region comprised of the basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
What is the basal ganglia important for?
Controlling movement and posture and more complex aspects of behaviour (eg emotions)
What senses the position of the limbs and joints
Proprio-receptors
