1 - Child Safeguarding Flashcards

1
Q

What is abuse and neglect?

A

Forms of maltreatment of a child, may be by inflicting harm or faling to act to prevent from harm. Can occur in lots of settings, e.g school, sports teams, homes

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2
Q

What is the assessment framework triangle?

A

A way of assessing whether a child is in need, putting them at the centre.

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3
Q

What are some risk factors which increase the likelihood of child abuse?

A
  • Parent has already abused a child.
  • Pregnancy was not wanted.
  • Parent has a background of abuse when growing up
  • Young, unsupported mother often with low education.
  • Parent is isolated and has few support
  • Poverty
  • Poor housing
  • Issues with drugs and alcohol
  • Mental health issues
  • Relationship problems
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4
Q

What are some situations where there would be an immediate referral to social care as there is worries about a child’s safety?

A

Under two there is not much movement so baby shouldn’t be bruising

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5
Q

What is the toxic trio?

A

Domestic abuse, mental illness and substance misuse have been identified as common features of families where harm to children and adults has occurred.

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6
Q

What are the different categories of abuse?

A
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7
Q

What is the definition of physical abuse?

A

Causing physical harm to a child, e.g shaking, throwing, poisoning, burning, drowning.

Can also be when a parent or carer fabricates symptoms in a child or induces illness in a child (Munchausen’s)

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8
Q

What is sexual abuse?

A
  • Forcing or enticing a child to take part in sexual activities, e.g penetration, masturbation, kissing, rubbing, making thm atch sexual activities
  • Can be contact or non-contact
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9
Q

What is child sexual exploitation?

A
  • Type of sexual abuse
  • When a child is exploited they’re given gifts, drugs, money, status and affection, in exchange for performing sexual activities
  • Can be exploited even if appears consensual
  • Common in looked after children
  • Perpetrator takes advantage of an imbalance of power to get something they need/want e.g money from sex trade
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10
Q

What is neglect?

A
  • Persistent failure to meet a child’s basic physical and/or psychological needs, likely to result in impairment of the child’s health or development.
  • Can even occur in pregnancy as a result of maternal substance abuse
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11
Q

What are some examples of neglect?

A

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12
Q

What are some examples of medical neglect?

A
  • Parent or care ignoring child’s illness or health (including dental hygeine) and failing to seek medical attention or give medication
  • Can also be mother’s who fail to see ante-natal care or undergo substance abuse during pregnancy
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13
Q

What is emotional abuse?

A
  • A child doesn’t get the nurture and stimulation they need. This could be through ignoring, humiliating, intimidating or isolating them from social interactions.
  • Can include seeing or hearing the ill treatment of another
  • Causes severe and persistent adverse effects on child’s emotional development
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14
Q

What is an Adverse Childhood Experience?

A
  • Stressful events occurring in childhood that can lead to poor long term outcomes for the child, e.g cancer, heart disease and diabetes.
  • Usually 4 or more events including things like domestic violence and having a parent in prison
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15
Q

What outcomes are you likely to get if you have 4 or more ACEs?

A
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16
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Tendency to search for and focus on information that confirms or conforms to our own preconceptions, easy to do in safeguarding

17
Q

How do you handle a disclosure with a child opening up about abuse or neglect?

A
  • Listen and don’t ask questions or interrupt if they are freely recalling events
  • Remain calm and don’t give the impression what the child is telling you is shocking or upsetting
  • Don’t promise not to tell anyone else or that everything will be ok
  • Tell them it is not their fault, they have done the right thing by telling you and tell them the plan of action
  • Make a report as soon as possible recording the time, setting, people present and quote child. Record all events up to the time of decision to start a Child protection investigation
18
Q

What are the seven steps to take if you are concerned about the welfare of a patient, e.g a 1 year old with bruises on their legs?

A
19
Q

What is safeguarding?

A

Process of protecting children from abuse or neglect, preventing impairment of their health and development to ensure they have optimum life chances and enter adulthood successfully.

20
Q

What are some signs of a child being abused or neglected?

A
  • unexplained changes in behaviour or personality
  • becoming withdrawn
  • seeming anxious
  • becoming uncharacteristically aggressive
  • lacks social skills and has few friends, if any
  • poor bond or relationship with a parent
  • knowledge of adult issues inappropriate for their age
  • running away or going missing
  • always choosing to wear clothes which cover their body
  • poor hygeine
  • unexplained repeated injuries
  • lots of did not attend appointments
  • eneuresis
21
Q

What are some extreme cases that can happen if we don’t safeguard as schools, hospitals, police etc?

A

ALWAYS SEEK ADVICE IF YOU THINK A PATIENT MAY NEED PROTECTING

22
Q

Why do we review child deaths?

A
23
Q

What is the child death review process?

A
  • If anyone dies from 22 week gestation to the day before 18th birthday
  • Need to decided whether expected or unexpected death (wouldn’t know 24 hours before this would happen)
  • Notify schools and other parties, e.g hearing test cancelled
24
Q

What is the joint agency response to a child’s death?

A
  • Done when death could be due to external causes, e.g RTA, under custody, unattended stillbirth
  • Done before the child dies when on life support and the decision may be to withdraw care so can gather evidence quickly
25
Q

When are the Joint Agency called to review a child death?

A
26
Q

What are some of the most common causes of deaths in children?

A
  • Association between deprivation and mortality
27
Q

What are some key agencies involved in child safeguarding?

A
  • Police
  • School
  • Social Worker
  • GP
  • MASH
  • Safeguarding team

Child often left with parents as care can be just as bed

28
Q

What is disguised compliance and what are some barriers to effective child safeguarding?

A
  • Parents and carers appearing to co-operate with professionals in order to allay concerns and stop professional engagement
  • Parent distract professionals away from harm, e.g not taken out rubbish as no car
  • Bad for child welfare
29
Q

What are the different levels of abuse?

A

As a doctor

  • You are at risk if you do not share
  • You are at minimal risk if you do share
30
Q

When should doctors and schools be most concerned about FGM?

A
  • Children who are at risk must be investigated
  • Adults who are victims must be declared
  • Summer holiday is high risk time as it gives the longest period for the child to heal un-noticed
31
Q

What is the legislation regarding consensual sex?

A
  • Children under the age of 13 can never consent
  • Sexual activity under the age of 16 is illegal
  • Children from 13-16 are unlikely to be prosecuted for sex if consensual
32
Q

What is Gillick competence and Fraser guidelines?

A

Case where doctor gave contraception to an under 16 without parental consent.

Lord Fraser said the doctor could continue to give the contraception if…