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Pharmacology. > ¥ 1. Chemistry basics > Flashcards

¥ 1. Chemistry basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an aliphatic compound?

A

A carbon backbone with one or more functional groups attached.

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2
Q

How do we number carbons in an aliphatic compound?

A

The longest chain starting from the carbon attached to the functional group that defines the molecule type.

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3
Q

List the names of the alkanes in order?

A

Alkanes: carbon to carbon single
Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hep, oct, non, dec

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4
Q

What are aromatic compounds?

A

6 carbon benzene ring with alternating single and double bonds.

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5
Q

What is a benzene ring with an OH called?

A

Phenol

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6
Q

What is valency?

A

The number of bonds an atom has in its uncharged state

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7
Q

What is a structure activity relationship?

A

When adding different function groups to a base molecule changes its characteristics e.g. more lipid soluble or convulsant effect

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8
Q

What are the two types of volatile agents?

A

Halogenated Ethers or halogenated hydrocarbons (halothane and chloroform)

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9
Q

What increases stability in volatile agents?

Potency?

A

Adding fluoride and having the ether group

Adding chloride or bromide

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10
Q

What are the three components of local anaesthetics?

A

All have an aromatic group at one end and an amine group at the other

The intermediate chains are either esters or amides

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11
Q

How are acids and bases defined?

A

Acid = proton donor
Base = proton acceptor

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12
Q

What is pH dependent ring closure?

A

When part of a molecule incorporates into a ring at a certain pH, closing the ring and therefore changing the molecules properties e.g. making it non-ionised and therefore lipid soluble.

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13
Q

What is tautomerization?

Example?

A

a net process by which protons are transferred from one site in a molecule to another by a series of steps in which the solvent is an intermediary.

Thiopental in alkali = ionised and water soluble due as an -enol by substituting a proton for an Na

At physiological pH: dissociates the sodium to bind to the proton, forming the unionised molecule as a ketone

Called keto-enol tautomerization

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14
Q

What is physiological pH?

A

7.4

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15
Q

What are the intra- and intermolecular bonds?

A

Intra = covalent, ionic, intermediate and Co-ordinate

Inter = VDW’s, dipole-dipole and hydrogen

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16
Q

What are ionic bonds?

A

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions produced by electron transfer between atoms. The more electronegative will steal an electron from the lesser one and become negatively charged.

2 ions:
Cation = donor (usually metal)
Anion = acceptor (usually non-metal)

Characteristics:
Strong = high mp and bp
Water soluble as ionic
Conduct electricity

17
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Atoms that are similarly electronegative will share electrons (1 each)
The positively charged nuclei of each are attracted to the negative shared electron on the centre

Characteristics:
Usually non metallic
Often liquids or gasses with low BP and MP’s

18
Q

What is coordinate bonding?

A

A covalent bond where 1 atom supplies both of their electrons instead of one each.
Atoms usually have a lone pair of electrons not involved in a bond.

19
Q

What are intermediate bonds?

A

Polar covalent bond.

Between a covalent and ionic bond, where the electrons are shared, but one nuclei is more electronegative than the other and so will pull more electrons towards its side, making a slight, but not full charge. The degree of polarity depends on the electronegativity of the atom

20
Q

How do we find out the electronegativity on the periodic table?

A

The closer the atom is to fluoride in the columns and periods (horizontal)

E.g. ore electronegative travelling from left to right and from bottom to top

21
Q

What are VDW’s bonds?

A

The movement of an electron round an atom at high speeds causing temporary dipoles that can attract

22
Q

What are dipole dipole interactions?

A

Permanent dipoles that exist in polar molecules e.g. intermediate bonds, that attract to each other

23
Q

What is hydrogen bonding?

A

Hydrogen binding strongly to either O, Fl, or N (strongly electronegative).

Increases the polarity and so is the strongest type of dipole dipole interaction.

24
Q

What are the strengths of the intra and intermolecular bonds, strongest to weakest?

A

Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
Dipole
VDW’s

25
Q

What kind of an attraction must a drug have in order to bind to a receptor?

What kind of bonds does this require?

A

Form rapidly
Be strong enough to last long enough for the drug to exert its effect
Must exert its attraction from a distance

Ionic bonds can do 1 and 3, but needs extra bonds e.g. VDW’s or H to do number 2

26
Q

What are the two ways covalent bonds can be broken?

A

Homolytic fission and heterolytic fission

27
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

Bonds break due to UV light or high temperatures

Each atom takes 1 electron and therefore has an unpaired electron and so are free radicals

28
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

The more electronegative atom takes both of the electrons, forming two oppositely charged ions.

Electrophile = positively charged (lost the electrons). Will be attracted to an electron rich atom to form a new covalent bond

Nucleophile = negatively charged (gained electrons). Will make a new covalent bond with a positive ion.

29
Q

C - C

A

Alkanes

30
Q

C = C

A

Alkenes

31
Q

H
/
- N
\
H

A

Amines

32
Q
  • OH
A

Alcohol

33
Q

-Cl
- Br
- I
- F

A

Halides

34
Q

O
II
—C — OH

A

Carboxylic acid

35
Q

O
II
C
/ \

A

Ketones

36
Q

O
II
C
/ \
NH2

A

Amides

37
Q

— C — O — C —

A

Ethers

38
Q

O
II
R — C — O —R
(Acid). (Alcohol part)

A

Esters

Pharmacology. (22 decks)

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