1) Challenges To The Health Care System P.30-31 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Is Canada’s healthcare system without challenges despite being heralded as a prime example of universal health coverage?

A
  • No, it is not without challenges
  • Universal health coverage is an aspiration requiring continuous commitment
  • Adequate depth and scope of coverage must be politically achievable and fiscally feasible
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3
Q

What must a successful healthcare system do to address challenges?

A
  • Continue to evolve and realign resources
  • Meet changing population needs
  • Foster evidence-informed care
  • Ensure equitable access to care
  • Contain costs
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4
Q

Why is health system reform and nursing engagement necessary?

A
  • To address the major challenges facing the healthcare system
  • Challenges necessitate reform to the system
  • Nursing engagement is needed to advocate for and implement reforms
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5
Q

What has fueled the ideological debate about how the Canadian healthcare system should be funded and delivered?

A
  • Rising healthcare costs
  • Increasing wait times
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6
Q

What is the position of right-wing political groups on healthcare funding?

A
  • Assert that healthcare costs are rising at unsustainable rates
  • Call for privatization of the healthcare system
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7
Q

What is the position of left-wing political groups on healthcare?

A
  • Argue for restructuring of the healthcare system
  • Increased breadth of healthcare coverage
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8
Q

What has been the impact of the rise of neo-liberalism in the 1990s?

A
  • Increased health inequalities
  • Weakened social provisions
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9
Q

How do the ideological premises of the political party in power influence healthcare?

A
  • Dramatically influence health and public policy
  • The future of the healthcare system is subject to their views and priorities
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10
Q

What is the professional obligation of nurses regarding the healthcare system?

A
  • Be civically engaged
  • Advocate for equitable and accessible healthcare services meeting Canadians’ needs
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11
Q

What will pose the biggest threat to human health and well-being worldwide over the coming decades?

A
  • Climate change
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12
Q

What climate change impacts will Canadians face?

A
  • Increasing extreme cold and heat events
  • Weather-related natural disasters
  • Poor air quality
  • Waterborne and foodborne contamination
  • Exposure to ultraviolet light
  • Changing patterns of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases
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13
Q

What will determine the extent of climate change impacts on human health?

A
  • How fast the climate changes
  • How well the healthcare system adapts to associated challenges and risks
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14
Q

What is urgently needed to mitigate the health effects of climate change?

A
  • Nursing engagement, advocacy, and leadership
  • Addressing vulnerabilities of the healthcare system
  • Fostering resiliency in the healthcare system
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15
Q

What were the major health care needs of Canadians in the 1960s?

A
  • Treatment of acute injuries and diseases
  • Care was primarily delivered in hospitals
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16
Q

How did Canada’s health care system meet the needs in the 1960s?

A
  • Built a reactive, hospital-doctor focused system
  • Treatment services dominated
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17
Q

How have Canadians’ health care needs changed since the 1960s?

A
  • Needs are primarily centered on chronic disease management and care
  • An increasing number of Canadians are living with chronic diseases
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18
Q

What portion of health care costs do hospital services represent?

A
  • 26.4% of total health expenditures in 2019
  • Hospital spending accounts for the largest portion
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19
Q

What is the issue with the focus on acute care settings?

A
  • Bulk of spending is on acute care rather than primary health care (PHC)
  • Lack of community supports for chronic disease management
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20
Q

What is the consequence of lack of community supports?

A
  • Many Canadians with chronic conditions require costly hospitalizations
  • Strains the health care system further
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21
Q

What should nurses advocate for?

A
  • Establishment of a strong PHC-focused health care system
  • Upstream approaches to health care
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22
Q

How many people worked in health-related occupations in Canada in 2019 compared to 2012?

A
  • In 2019, over 1.4 million people worked in health-related occupations
  • In 2012, 1.7 million people worked in health-related occupations
  • The number of people employed in the healthcare sector has decreased despite population growth
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23
Q

What has the decrease in healthcare workers led to?

A
  • Many job vacancies, particularly in rural/remote areas and specialty areas
  • Compromised accessibility to healthcare services for many Canadians
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24
Q

What percentage of vacant positions in 2019 were nursing positions?

A
  • 30% of vacant positions in 2019 were nursing positions
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25
Q

What has made the shortage of healthcare professionals more evident?

A
  • The COVID-19 pandemic
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26
Q

What is a critical component of a successful healthcare system?

A
  • Health human resource planning
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27
Q

What factors must be considered for effective health human resource planning?

A
  • Broader healthcare system challenges (wait times, patient safety, bed closures)
  • Population demographics and trends (aging population, urbanization)
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28
Q

How much is Canada’s population of older persons expected to grow over the next 20 years?

A
  • Expected to grow by 68%
  • As the baby-boom generation enters senior years
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29
Q

What characterizes the aging process for many older Canadians?

A
  • Chronic diseases and conditions
  • Prompting need to access more healthcare services
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30
Q

To support aging in place, what services need to be available and accessible?

A
  • Appropriate home-based services (e.g. home care)
  • Appropriate community-based services (e.g. independent living support)
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31
Q

What is the current healthcare system primarily designed for?

A
  • To deliver acute and emergent services
  • With limited long-term care facilities
32
Q

What is the risk to healthcare facilities without appropriate home/community care?

A
  • Facilities will be overwhelmed by growing older population
  • Unable to meet their needs
33
Q

What do nurses need to do to meet the needs of the aging population?

A
  • Advocate for more services meeting older persons’ needs
  • Fulfill and develop these services wherever they live
  • Collaborate with other healthcare professionals
34
Q

What are the benefits of providing appropriate services for aging in place?

A
  • Prevents unnecessary and costly hospital admissions
  • Empowers older persons to optimize quality of life at home
35
Q

What did the Truth and Reconciliation Commission compel Canadians to confront?

A
  • Our dark history of violence toward Indigenous peoples
  • The legacy of colonization
36
Q

How do Indigenous peoples in Canada experience healthcare compared to non-Indigenous counterparts?

A
  • Worse access to care
  • Poorer health outcomes
  • Higher burden of disease and disparities
37
Q

What is required to engage in reconciliation and address Indigenous health inequities based on the TRC Calls to Action?

A
  • Promote policy and system changes
  • Engage Indigenous communities
  • Recruit and retain Indigenous healthcare professionals
  • Engage in cultural safety training and anti-racism efforts
  • Improve Indigenous patient care, access, and outcomes
38
Q

What is an ongoing challenge that nurses must commit to addressing?

A
  • Promoting reconciliation within the healthcare system
  • Addressing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s Calls to Action
39
Q

What percentage of Canadians live in rural or remote communities?

A
  • 18% of Canadians
40
Q

What percentage of regulated nurses serve the rural/remote population?

A
  • 11.8% of regulated nurses
41
Q

What percentage of physicians serve the rural/remote population?

A
  • 8% of physicians
42
Q

How does the distribution of healthcare providers and services compare to the need in rural/remote areas?

A
  • Does not mirror the need
43
Q

What challenges do rural/remote Canadians face regarding healthcare access?

A
  • Greater challenge accessing healthcare
  • Experience poorer health outcomes
44
Q

What do rural/remote Canadians have to do to access services beyond basic healthcare?

A
  • Travel long distances
45
Q

In rural/remote areas with healthcare services, who provides the bulk of care?

A
  • Nurses provide the bulk of care
  • Nurses maintain continuity of services
46
Q

What should nurses do to ensure equitable access to care for rural/remote Canadians?

A
  • Leverage technology
  • Establish mobile clinics
47
Q

How must nursing roles evolve as the Canadian healthcare system changes?

A
  • Nursing roles must continue to evolve and diversify
  • Nurses have a unique understanding of current and future healthcare needs
48
Q

What has nursing practice primarily involved to date?

A
  • Direct patient care
  • Conspicuous absence at executive and decision-making levels
49
Q

What is needed from nurses now more than ever?

A
  • Nurses are needed in leadership positions
  • To catalyze healthcare system change using their understanding
50
Q

What role will nurses play in addressing healthcare challenges?

A
  • Key in developing innovative solutions
  • Professional responsibility to expand and forge new nursing roles
51
Q

How do health policies affect the healthcare system?

A
  • Directly affect delivery, availability, outcomes, disparities
  • Affect working conditions and nursing practice
52
Q

What is often the case with nurses and health policies?

A
  • Nurses are more often recipients and implementers, not developers
  • Nursing voice has minimal policy impact
53
Q

What potential do nurses hold by engaging in policy work?

A
  • Considerable potential to address pressing health challenges
  • Nursing voices needed at all levels of the healthcare system
54
Q

What is nursing’s professional obligation?

A
  • Contribute to healthcare policy development
  • Lead and catalyze system changes for a better future
55
Q

What is the Nursing Now campaign?

A
  • A global campaign established in 2018
  • Aims to improve health by raising the status and profile of nursing
56
Q

What is the first step for nurses to advocate for policy change?

A
  • Define the problem and build the case for change
  • Identify the challenge/issue and what needs to change
57
Q

What is the second step?

A
  • Choose the target
  • Identify individuals, structures, or organizations controlling the problem area
58
Q

What is the third step?

A
  • Find allies
  • Consider other stakeholders who can influence the target decision maker
59
Q

What actions are involved in the fourth step “Call for change”?

A
  • Request meetings
  • Send emails and letters
  • Develop a media campaign
  • Engage champions
  • Propose policy changes
60
Q

What will the Canadian healthcare system require?

A
  • Significant restructuring
  • To meet complex needs of diverse population
  • In response to local and global challenges
61
Q

What range from nursing’s contributions in Canada?

A
  • Providing direct care
  • Actively participating in reformation processes
  • Maintaining pursuit of equitable access for all
62
Q

What has nursing been instrumental in advancing?

A
  • Nursing practice
  • Interdisciplinary practices
  • Collaborative efforts for societal betterment
63
Q

What roles must nursing assert in the future?

A
  • Critical stakeholders
  • Partners
  • Providers within emerging healthcare system
64
Q

What is Medicare?

A
  • A key component of Canada’s social safety net
65
Q

What role do all levels of government play in healthcare?

A
  • Co-funding national health insurance
  • Setting healthcare policy per Canada Health Act
66
Q

What are the five principles of Canada’s national health insurance system articulated in the Canada Health Act?

A
  • Public administration
  • Comprehensiveness
  • Universality
  • Portability
  • Accessibility
67
Q

What does the Canada Health Act forbid?

A
  • Extra billing
  • User fees
68
Q

Where are healthcare services provided?

A
  • Institutional settings
  • Community settings
  • Home settings
69
Q

What are the five levels of healthcare?

A
  • Promotive
  • Preventive
  • Curative
  • Rehabilitative
  • Supportive
70
Q

What challenges the healthcare system in delivering innovative, efficient, quality care?

A
  • Escalating costs
  • Technological innovations
  • Consumer expectations
71
Q

What challenges does the healthcare system face?

A
  • Equality
  • Equity
  • Access
  • Interdisciplinary approaches
  • Communication
  • Continuity of care
72
Q

What aligns with healthcare reform and cost-effectiveness?

A
  • Primacy of primary healthcare
  • Home care
73
Q

What do successful health promotion and disease prevention programs help patients achieve?

A
  • Healthier lifestyles
  • Optimal quality of life
74
Q

What is essential for a culturally competent and safe Canadian healthcare system?

A
  • Sufficient, diverse, qualified human health resources
75
Q

What is a significant challenge to Canadian society and healthcare?

A
  • Enhancing the health of the Indigenous population
76
Q

What must nurses continually do?

A
  • Seek information and evidence
  • Remain responsive to quality, culturally competent, safe care