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Biology B2 > 1 Cells, tissues and organs > Flashcards

1 Cells, tissues and organs Flashcards

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1
Q

What cells belong to both plants and animals and which ones only belong to plant cells?

A

Animal and Plant:

  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • mitochondria

Plant only:

  • cell wall
  • vacuole (permanent)
  • chloroplasts
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2
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

contains DNA and controls the cell

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3
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

controls what substances enter and exit the cell

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4
Q

What does cytoplasm do?

A

liquid gel where chemical processes take place for life

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5
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

where protein synthesis takes place providing protein for the cell

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6
Q

what do mitochondria do?

A

in cytoplasm where oxygen is used and most energy is released during respiration

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7
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

made of cellulose which supports and strengthens the cell

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8
Q

What does the vacuole (permanent) do?

A

filled with cell sap and glucose (carbohydrate) to be used as energy

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9
Q

What does a bacterial cell consist of?

A
  • cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall
  • gene’s aren’t in a distinct nucleus but free in cytoplasm
  • also plasmids containing extra genetic material and flagella are attached allowing the cell to move
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10
Q

How big is a bacterial cell compared to a yeast cell?

A

They are smaller than yeast cells

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11
Q

How are bacteria used when they aren’t harmful?

A
  • to make food such as yogurt and cheese
  • in sewage treatment
  • to make medicines
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12
Q

What does a yeast cell consist of?

A
  • a single celled organism
  • contain a nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane
  • surrounded by a cell wall
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13
Q

How are yeast specially adapted to survive and how do they reproduce?

A
  • they reproduce through asexual budding involving a new yeast cell growing out of the original cell to form a new separate yeast organism
  • are specialised to survive for a long time, even in a lack of oxygen - they can use anaerobic respiration
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14
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

When sugar is broken down in the absence of oxygen, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide
Otherwise known as fermentation

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15
Q

Where is fermentation used?

A
  • to make bread

- to make alcohol

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16
Q

What are the 3 main adaptations of fat cells?

body stores fat in fat cells which helps us survive when food is in short supply

A
  • have a small amount of cytoplasm and large amounts of fat
  • have few mitochondria because the cell needs very little energy
  • can expand - up to 1000 x its original size as it fills up with fat
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17
Q

What are the 3 main adaptations of cone cells (from human eye)?
(light sensitive layer of the eye-retina-making it possible to see in colour)

A
  • outer segment contains a special chemical-visual pigment-which changes chemically in coloured light and needs a lot of energy to change back into its original form
  • middle segment is packed full of mitochondria which release the energy needed to reform the visual pigment, allowing you to see continually in colour
  • final part is a specialised synapse that connects to your optic nerve - when coloured light makes your visual pigment change, an impulse is triggered which crosses the synapse and travels along the optic nerve to your brain
18
Q

What are the 2 main adaptations of root hair cells?
(grow close to the tips of growing roots, need to take in lots of water and dissolved mineral ions efficiently-always closest to the xylem tissue which carries water and mineral ions up into the rest of the plant)

A
  • root hairs increase the surface area of water to move into the cell
  • have a large permanent vacuole that speeds up the movement of the water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
19
Q

What are the 4 main adaptations of sperm cells?
(usually released a long way from the egg they are going to fertilise, contain genetic information from the male parent and depending on the type of animal have to move through water or the female reproductive system to reach and break into the egg)

A
  • long tail whips from side to side helping sperm move towards the egg
  • middle section is full of mitochondria which provide energy for the tail to work
  • acrosome at the head stores digestive enzymes for breaking down the outer layers of the egg
  • large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on
20
Q

How do you work out net movement?

A

number of particles moving in - number of particles moving out

21
Q

How do dissolved substances such as oxygen move in and out of cells?

A

Diffusion

22
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the net movement of particles from an area where they are at a high concentration to an area where they are at a lower concentration

23
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

the greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion

24
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

an increase in temperature means the particles in a gas or solution move more quickly
diffusion takes place more rapidly as the random movement of particles speeds up

25
Q

What are examples of diffusion in living organisms?

A
  • many important substances such as water and simple sugars such as glucose diffuse across cell membranes
  • also amino acids from the breakdown of proteins in you gut
  • also oxygen needed for respiration passes from air into your lungs and gets into red blood cells by diffusion
26
Q

How may individual cells be adapted to make diffusion easier and more rapid?

A

increase surface area to allow more room for diffusion to take place
by folding the membrane of the cell/tissue/organ, the area where diffusion can take place is increased and therefore more substance moves over time

27
Q

What is the order of size from cells up to whole body?

A 
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
whole body
28
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function working together

29
Q

What different types of tissue are there?

A
  • muscular
  • glandular
  • epithelial

(plants)

  • epidermal
  • mesophyll
  • xylem and pholem
30
Q

What can muscular tissue do?

A

contract to bring about movement

31
Q

What can glandular tissue do?

A

contain secretory cells that can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones

32
Q

What can epithelial tissue do?

A

cover the outside of your body as well as internal organs

33
Q

What can epidermal plant tissue do?

A

cover surfaces and protect them

34
Q

What can mesophyll plant tissue do?

A

contain a lot of chloroplasts and carry out photosynthesis

35
Q

What can xylem and pholem plant tissue do?

A

transport water and dissolved mineral ions from roots up to the leaves and dissolved food from leaves around the plant

36
Q

What are organs?

A

made up of tissues and may contain several types of them
an organ is a collection of different tissues working together to carry out important functions in your body

e.g. stomach contains muscular (churns food and digestive juices of stomach together), glandular (produces digestive juices to break down food) and epithelial (covers inside and outside of organ) tissues

37
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas?

A
  • makes hormones to control our blood sugar

- makes enzymes to digest our food

38
Q

What are organ systems?

A

different organs combined in a group which work together to carry out major functions in the body
e.g. blood transportation and digesting food

39
Q

Why have organs adapted and what examples are there?

A

to make the exchange of materials easier and more efficient

e.g. larger surface area for diffusion and good blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient

40
Q

Explain the use of the digestive system and how it works…

A

substances are exchanged within the environment where insoluble molecules from food are broken down into smaller, soluble ones which can be absorbed and used by cells

  • pancreas and salivary glands release enzymes to break down food which takes place in the stomach and small intestine
  • small intestine absorbs digested food and the undigested food travels further down the muscular tube, eventually passing out of your body
41
Q

What are examples of plant organs?

A
  • leaves
  • stem
  • roots
    (each with a specific job to do)

Biology B2 (6 decks)

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