1 Cells Flashcards
What are cells?
basic building blocks of living organisms
What is cytoplasm?
- living material that make up a cell
- jelly like structure (sloppy)
What is the largest organelle?
Nucleus
What is the function of nucleus?
Control cell’s activities
(Eg. Metabolism, Protein Synthesis, and Cell division)
What is gene?
- Segment of DNA
- Contains the instructions for making a specific protein or set of proteins
- decide which proteins cells can produce
- in chromosomes
What is the function of gene?
- Determine the traits and functions of organisms
- Make proteins that the body needs
Which cell doesn’t have nucleus?
RBC (Red Blood Cell)
What are enzymes?
- biological catalysts
- control chemical reactions in cytoplasm
- lower the activation energy needed for reactions
What is cell membrane and its function?
- a protective barrier that surrounds the cell
- regulating the movement of cell in and out
- boundary between cytoplasm and outside
- not complete barrier (selectively permeable or partially permeable)
What is Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
- covered with tiny granules called “ribosomes”
- involve in protein and lipid synthesis
What is rough ER?
- studded with ribosomes
- involved in protein synthesis
What is smooth ER?
- lack ribosomes
- involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
What is Golgi Apparatus and its function?
- responsible for modifying, sorting and packaging the proteins and lipids received from ER
- Adding nutrients in the protein (folded) molecules (Eg. Glucose, Fat)
What is Mitochondria?
- perform some reactions of respiration
- releasing energy that the cell can use
- most of the energy from respiration is released in mitochondria
What is Lysosome?
- Contain digestive enzymes to break down and recycle (cellular waste and damaged organelles)
- Play a key role in maintaining cell health and homeostasis.
Pathways for Proteins
𝟭. Transcription “mRNA” in nucleus
𝟮. Translation “tRNA” in ribosomes (Endoplasmic Reticulum )
𝟯. ER to Golgi apparatus
What is the basis of inheritance?
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
What is the protein DNA coiled around?
Histone
What is DNA? and Explain its structure and Function
- DNA carries genetic information
- Each chromosome contains one DNA molecule
- DNA is folded and coiled
Why does DNA coiled around histones?
- Histones help package and organize DNA into dense structure (Chromatin)
- interact with DNA to form 𝗻𝘂𝗰𝗹𝗲𝗼𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲𝘀 (basic unit of chromatin)
What is nucleosome?
- Basic unit of chromatin
- consisting of DNA wrap a core of histone protein
Explain DNA structure
- Double helix structure
- DNA molecule is made from 2 strands of molecular group (Nucleotides)
- double stranded molecule, 2 nucleotide
What is Nucleotide in DNA?
- basic building block of DNA
- Consist of
1. Phosphate group
2. Sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
3. Nitrogenous group (A,T,G,C)
What are base of DNA nitrogenous group?
A - Adenine
T - Thymine
G - Guanine
C- Cytosine
Explain RNA structure
- Single helix structure
- RNA molecule is made from 1 strands of molecular group (Nucleotides)
- single stranded molecule, 1 nucleotide
What is nucleotide in RNA?
- basic building block of RNA
- Consist of
1. Phosphate group
2. Sugar molecule (Ribose)
3. Nitrogenous group (A,U,G,C)
What is base-pairing rule in DNA?
- A (Adenine) pairs with T (Thymine)
- G (Guanine) pairs with C (Cytosine)
Why is Base-Pairing rule important?
- maintaining double helix structure
- ensuring accurate replication and transcription of genetic information
What is base-pairing rule in RNA?
- A (Adenine) pairs with U (Uracil)
- G (Guanine) pairs with C (Cytosine)
What are the bases pair by base-pairing rule called?
Complementary Bases
(Eg. A and T, G and C)
What are hydrogen bonds contain?
- Involve hydrogen atom bonded to
What is the order in nucleotide? (From outermost to innermost)
- Phosphate Group
(Hold the nucleotides) - Sugar Molecule
(Deoxyribose or Ribose) - Nitrogenous base
(A,T,G,C or A,U,G,C)
Why are hydrogen bonds weak?
- To be easily broken
- Allow chains to separate
- To make DNA copy
Which bond holds the complementary bases?
- Hydrogen Bond
True or False:
The amount of Adenine is equal to Thymine, same as Guanine to Cytosine.
True
True or False:
DNA is the only chemical that can make exact copies of itself.
True
Passing genetic information from one generation to the next as………??
Genetic Code
What is DNA replication?
process by which a cell makes an identical copy of DNA
Why does DNA replicate?
- To give “daughter cell” with exact genetic material during cell division
- Essential for growth, repair and reproduction
