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CIE AS Biology > 1 - Cell structure > Flashcards

1 - Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death

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2
Q

Plasma membrane also known as

A

Cell surface membrane

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3
Q

Cell surface membrane thickness

A

~7nm

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4
Q

Cell surface membrane made of:

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

Cell surface membrane function

A

Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

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6
Q

Largest organelle

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Nucleus has (single/double) membrane

A

Double

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8
Q

Nucleus function

A

Contains genetic information for the synthesis of proteins, site of transcription of genes and production of mRNA

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9
Q

How is DNA protected from degradation?

A

Enzymes

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10
Q

Components within nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin

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11
Q

Nuclear envelope has (___) memranes

A

2

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12
Q

Features of nuclear envelope

A

Attached to ER
2 membranes
Have nuclear pores

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13
Q

Function of nuclear envelope

A

Controls movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm

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14
Q

Nucleolus features

A

Densest region

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15
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis - site of ribosome assembly

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16
Q

Chromatin features

A

DNA and its associated proteins (histones)

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17
Q

Smallest organelle

A

Ribosomes

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18
Q

Ribosomes features

A

Not bound by a membrane, made of rRNA, which is synthesized in the nucleolus + some protein, has 2 subunits

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19
Q

Ribosomes size

A

25nm

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20
Q

Ribosome function

A

Site of protein synthesis

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21
Q

Two types of ribosomes:

A

80S and 70S

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22
Q

Features of 80S ribosomes

A

25nm
Found in cytoplasm and rough endoplasmic reticulum of all eukaryotes

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23
Q

Features of 70S ribosomes

A

Found in mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes, found in all prokaryotes

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24
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum features

A

Extensive, connected system of membranes made of cisternae (flattened membrane sacs), continuous with the nuclear envelope, runs through the cytoplasm, 80S ribosomes attached

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25
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions

A

Site of protein synthesis, protein modification (e.g. protein folding), protein transport to Golgi apparatus

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26
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum features

A

Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes, continuous with rough ER

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27
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Site of lipid and steroid synthesis

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28
Q

Golgi body features

A

Made of cisternae, layered appearance, no connection between members, not continuous with nuclear envelope, swellings at end of sacs for vesicle formation, constantly being formed and broken down

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29
Q

Golgi body functions

A

Modification of proteins and lipids, packaging molecules into vesicles for transport, formation of secretory vesicles for release of protein out of the cell, formation of lysosomes

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30
Q

How is the Golgi body being formed:

A

Transport vesicles from rough endoplasmic reticulum on cis face

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31
Q

Golgi body being broken down to form:

A

Secretory vesicles and lysosomes on trans face

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32
Q

List the structures involved in protein production + secretion, in order

A

Ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, transport vesicle, Golgi body, secretory vesicle, cell surface membrane

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33
Q

Steps of protein production and secretion

A

1: synthesis of proteins at ribosomes/RER
2: transport vesicle buds off at RER and fuses with Golgi body
3: Modification of protein at Golgi body
4: Separation of secretory vesicle from Golgi body
5: Fusion of the vesicle with cell surface membrane

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34
Q

Steps of protein production and secretion

A

1: synthesis of proteins at ribosomes/RER
2: transport vesicle buds off at RER and fuses with Golgi body
3: Modification of protein at Golgi body
4: Separation of secretory vesicle from Golgi body
5: Fusion of the vesicle with cell surface membrane
6: Contents released - secretion of protein by exocytosis

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35
Q

Lysosomes features

A

Very small, spherical sacs

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36
Q

Lysosome function

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes/lysosomes - break down unwanted structures (worn out organelles or dead cells - NOT dead organelles) via hydrolysis in an acid environment

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37
Q

Function of lysosomes in white blood cells

A

Digest bacteria

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38
Q

Mitochondria features

A

Relatively large organelle, double membrane, cristae, matrix, 70S ribosomes + small circular DNA, divide by binary fission

39
Q

Cristae

A

Folded inner membrane in mitochondria

40
Q

Matrix

A

Interior solution in mitochondria

41
Q

How do mitochondria divide?

A

Binary fission

42
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Site of aerobic respiration - synthesise ATP or produce energy in the form of ATP
- release energy

43
Q

Chloroplast features

A

Relatively large, oval shaped, two membranes, thylakoid (flattened membrane sacs), grana (thylakoid stacks), stroma (interior solution), 70S ribosomes + small circular DNA + starch grains, divide by binary fission

44
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Site of photosynthesis

45
Q

Cell wall features

A

Thick, rigid layer made of cellulose (in plants), fully permeable (because there are gaps between fibres)

46
Q

Cell wall functions

A

Provide structural support, prevent bursting, limit cell size

47
Q

Plasmodesmata features

A

Strands of cytoplasm passing through channels

48
Q

Plasmodesmata functions:

A

Allow substances to pass from cell to cell without passing through cell walls

49
Q

Vacuoles + tonoplast features

A

Commonly found in plant cells. Large, permanent, central. Surrounded by a partially permeable membrane called tonoplast.

50
Q

Vacuoles + tonoplast functions

A

Store of cell sap, stores waste products, pushes chloroplasts to edge of cell, gives turgidity to the cell

51
Q

Cell sap contents

A

Water, ions, minerals, salts, pigments, sugars

52
Q

Centriole shape

A

Cylindrical

53
Q

Pair of centrioles

A

Centrosome

54
Q

Centrioles + centrosomes features

A

Centrioles cylindrical, made of 9 groups of 3 microtubules, not found in plant cells

55
Q

Centrioles function:

A

Involved in cell division (replicates before each cell division and moves to opposite poles. centrioles found in pairs at right angles from each other. forms centrosome), modified centrioles also found elsewhere (e.g. in flagella/cilia. act as a microtubule organising centre - organises + assembles microtubules)

56
Q

Centrosomes function

A

MTOC (microtubule organising centre), organises/assembles microtubules for the formation of spindle fibres at opposite poles during cell division/mitosis

57
Q

Microtubule features

A

Very small (~25nm)
Made from tubulin
- form dimers
- dimers polymerise to form long ‘protofilaments’
- 13 protofilaments = 1 microtubule
Long, rigid, hollow tubes
Formed + broken down at Microtubule Organising Centres

58
Q

Microtubule functions

A

Make up cytoskeleton (together with actin filaments)
- provides mechanical support
- acts as an intracellular transport system for movement of vesicles or other components
Makes up spindle fibres and centrioles used in cell division

59
Q

Cilia features

A

Only found in eukaryotes
Smaller in diameter than microvilli
Moves rhythmically
Complicates structure made of microtubules

60
Q

Cilia function

A

Movement

61
Q

Microvilli features

A

Only found in animal cells
Found on epithelial cells in the intestines and kidneys
Finger-like extensions of the cell surface membrane

62
Q

Microvilli functions

A

Increase surface area of cell for:
- Absorption
- Secretion of enzymes
- Digestion at the cell surface
- Excretion of waste
substances

63
Q

3 types of microscopes

A

Light microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

64
Q

3 types of microscopes

A

Light microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

65
Q

Magnification definition

A

Number of times an image is enlarged compared with the actual size of the object

66
Q

Resolution definition

A

Ability to distinguish between two points clearly as separate (units in nm).

67
Q

Maximum resolution:

A

Shortest distance between 2 separate points
1/2 wavelength used

68
Q

What determines resolution?

A

Shorter wavelength - higher resolution

69
Q

Can a ribosome be seen by a light microscope?

A

No

70
Q

Advantages of light microscopes

A

Live specimens can be used, image can be coloured

71
Q

Wavelength of light microscope

A

400-700nm

72
Q

Highest magnification of light microscope

A

x1500

73
Q

Maximum resolution of light microscope

A

200nm

74
Q

Source of electromagnetic radiation in electron microscope:

A

Free electrons

75
Q

Wavelength of electron microscope

A

Approximately 1nm

76
Q

Highest magnification of electron microscope

A

x250 000

77
Q

Max resolution of electron microscope

A

0.5nm

78
Q

Disadvantages of electron microscope

A

Only dead material can be examined (because vacuum environment is needed), images are black and white.

79
Q

Which type of electron microscope is used for viewing the surface of specimens?

A

Scanning electron microscope

80
Q

Which type of electron microscope is used for viewing the inside of cells?

A

Transmission electron microscope

81
Q

Radiation in a light microscope travels through:

A

Air

82
Q

Radiation in an electron microscope travels through:

A

Vacuum

83
Q

Prokaryote cell characteristics

A

Unicellular
Relatively small (1-5μm)
Simpler in structure
Divide by binary fission

84
Q

What do all bacteria not have?

A

Membrane-bound organelles
Nucleus

85
Q

What all bacteria have:

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Peptidoglycan cell wall
70S ribosomes
Circular DNA
DNA is “naked” + not associated with proteins

86
Q

What is only present in some bacteria?

A

Plasmids
Pili
Flagellum
Capsule
Mesosomes (infoldings of plasma membrane)

87
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Small, circular DNA that codes for non-essential proteins. Several may be present

88
Q

What are pili?

A

Involved in sexual reproduction, for attachment to other cells/surfaces

89
Q

What is a capsule (with reference to prokaryotes)?

A

Outer coat for additional protection
Attach to surfaces

90
Q

What is a mesosome and what does it do?

A

An infolding of plasma membrane. Function = for photosynthesis/nitrogen fixation

91
Q

Similarities between prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Similar size (1-5μm)
Small, circular DNA
70S ribosomes
Divide by binary fission

92
Q

Virus size

A

20-300nm

93
Q

Virus features:

A

Nucleic acid core (RNA or DNA)
Capsid (protein coat)
Some have outer envelope made of phospholipids (NOT cell surface membrane because derived from host)

94
Q

Why are viruses non-cellular?

A

All parasitic
Can only reproduce by infecting living cells
Uses protein synthesising machinery of host cell to replicate

CIE AS Biology (2 decks)

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