1. Cell Structure Flashcards
cytoplasm
1) what are the two main components?
2) where is it?
3) what does it look and move like?
1) cytosol + organelles
2) fills interior of cell
3) transparent, water-based gel behavior
what is a cell?
the basic unit from which living organisms are made
aquesous solution of organic molecules
membrane enclosed
integral membrane proteins
embedded in one side of lipid bilayer
what is a tissue?
assembly of specialized cells serving a general function
cytoskeleton
1) in general what is it?
2) what does it give the cell?
3) what are the three components/ types?
1) protein filaments in cytoplasm
2) give polarized shape, directed movement
3) actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
Ribosomes
1) what is a ribosome composed of?
2) what is it’s primary function?
3) where do they occur?
4) what do they stain?
1) ribosomal RNA and proteins that associate with mRNA
2) catalyzes the synthesis of proteins
3) free clusters of polyribosomes or associated with ER
4) basophilic (blue/purple)
what reinforces the plasma membrane?
what is it made of?
what other cell structures can it make?
the cell cortex
specialized layer of cytoplasm with a meshwork of actin
also makes microvilli, ridges, dents
lipid bilayer
1) where is it?
2) what is it made of?
3) how are they oriented?
4) what is a major function?
leaflet between two protein coats in plasma membrane
phospholipid molecules
hydrophobic tails inwards, hydrophilic heads outwards
permeability barrier
transmembrane proteins
proteins embedded in lipid bilayer that span the membrane
glycocalyx
what is it?
what texture does it appear?
what are it’s (4) functions?
sugar coating of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
looks "fuzzy"
protects and lubricates, used in recognition and adhesion
proteasome
1) what is a proteasome?
2) what must a protein be marked with to be recognized?
3) what is the structure of a proteasome?
4) which part of the structure recognizes ubiquitin?
5) what does the proteasome use for energy?
6) what are the functions of the regulatory particle and core?
1) a large protease complex in cytosol that degrades intracellular proteins
2) multiple ubiquitin proteins
3) a 4 ringed core particle and 2 regulatory particles
4) the regulatory particle
5) ATP
6) the regulatory particle unwinds the protein and the core breaks the protein apart
what is a system?
several organs with related functions
1) what is the ER?
2) what is it’s function?
3) What does RER have that SER doesn’t?
4) What’s the function of RER?
5) What’s the function of SER?
6) How do RER and SER stain?
1) labyrintine, membrane bounded compartment in cytoplasm
2) secretes lipids and makes membrane bound proteins
3) associated ribosomes
4) synthesizing secreted and membrane-bound proteins
5) synthesizing lipids, metabolizing lipid soluble substances, regulating Ca
6) RER stains basophilically, SER doesn’t stain
mitochondria
1) what did mitochondria arise from?
2) what is their appearance?
3) what are the inner membrane folds called and what do they do?
4) what is located on the outer membrane?
5) what does the matrix consist of?
6) what are the 3 functions of the matrix granules?
1) bacteria with their own DNA and RNA
2) rod or spherical with a double membrane
3) cristae, increase surface area for metabolic activites and the site of enzymes associated with electron transport and phosphorylation
4) proteins for mitochondrial lipid synthesis
5) the internal space filled with a high concentration of enzymes for pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
6) ATP production and electron transport, bind cations like Ca, apoptosis cascade
what is an organ?
two or more tissues
combined into functional units
1) What is the golgi’s function?
2) what are the flat, membrane bound sacs?
3) What are the two faces and where are they?
4) how is transport carried out?
1) lipids and proteins made in ER are modified and sorted
2) cisternae
3) Cis face, entry face, forming face (adjacent to ER)
trans face, exit face, (concave towards plasma membrane)
4) by transport vesicles
peripheral membrane proteins
proteins that aren't embedded in the lipid bilayer
sit on top of layer
plasma membrane
1) what and where is it?
2) can you see it on LM?
3) what is the functional part?
external thin fatty film, surrounds the cell
not seen on LM
membrane functions carried out by membrane proteins, some modified to glycolipids
nucleus
1) what is it?
2) Describe the membranes
1) prominent organelle in the cell that contains genetic material
2) two concentric membranes = nuclear envelope
1) what are lysosomes?
2) what is their function?
3) what are the three pathways involving lysosomes?
4) what are the lysosome membrane proteins highly glycosylated?
5) what is a secondary lysosome?
6) what is autolysis?
1) membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes
2) control intracellular digestion of extracellular material and worn out organelles
3) phagocytosis - internalize large particles that merge with a lysosome
autophagocytosis - degradation of internal organelles
hydrolitic enzymes can be secreted outside the cell
4) the sugars cover the protein surface facing the lumen and protect it from being digested
5) when an endosome fuses with a primary lysosome
6) when lysosomal membranes rupture and release their hydrolytic enzymes inside the cell
signaling sequence
1) what else is it called?
2) what is it?
3) what happens to the sequence once it's been sorted?
4) what is the important part of the sequence?
1) signal peptide or targeting sequence
2) short amino acid sequence that directs a protein to a specific location or organelle
3) usually removed from the protein
4) the charged amino acids
