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x 6102 Pathophys > 1 cell biology & altered cell/tissue biology > Flashcards

1 cell biology & altered cell/tissue biology Flashcards

1
Q

family history of malignant hyperthermia, medication to avoid

A

succinylcholine - depolarizing neuromuscular blocker

very high risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

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2
Q

lipids function in cell

A

structural support, alternate energy source

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3
Q

synthesize extracellular matrix

A

fibroblasts

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4
Q

collagen

A

cable-like fibers or sheets that provide tensile strength or resistance to longitudinal strength

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5
Q

elastin

A

ubber-like protein fiber most abundant in tissue that must be capable of stretching and recoiling

ex: lungs

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6
Q

fibronectin

A

large glycoprotein, promotes cell adhesion and anchorage

clinical ex: reduced amounts found in certain cancerous cells - allows metastasis

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7
Q

basal lamina

A

aka basement membrane; thin layer of connective tissue underlying the epithelium of many organs

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8
Q

macromolecules that live in the ECM

A

collagen
elastin
fibronectin

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9
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A

cell-surface proteins that bind cell to adjacent cells and to components of ECM

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10
Q

CAM fams

A

integrin
cadherin
selectin
immunoglobulin superfamily

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11
Q

integrin

A

1 of 4 types of cell-adhesion molecule

major class of receptors in ECM, help regulate cell-ECM interactions with collagen, fibronectin, vitronectin, fibrinogen

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12
Q

selectin

A

1 of 4 types of cell-adhesion molecule

bind certain carbohydrates

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13
Q

cadherin

A

1 of 4 types of cell-adhesion molecule

calcium dependent glycoproteins

unique pattern of tissue distribution

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14
Q

immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

1 of 4 types of cell-adhesion molecule

part of immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs
bind integrins or other IgSF CAMs

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15
Q

types of cell junctions x3

A

desmosomes
gap junctions
tight junctions

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16
Q

desmosome

A

“fishing net”; system of braces to maintain structural stability

connect the plasma membrane to intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm

function:
- structural support
- role in wound healing
- embryonic development

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17
Q

gap junction

A

clusters of communicating tunnel/channel called connexons and allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from inside of one cell to inside of another

electrically and metabolically coupled which helps to coordinate activities from cell to cell

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18
Q

tight junction

A

prevent diffusion, leakage of small molecules between plasma membranes of adjacent cells

aid in regulating cell polarity

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19
Q

connexons

A

many together create gap junctions

joining proteins that extend outward from each of the adjacent plasma membranes

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20
Q

cyclic adenosinemonophosphate

A

secondary messenger pathway

  1. ligand binds to receptor
  2. adenylyl cyclase is activated
  3. G protein acts as intermediary (between receptor and adenylyl cyclase)
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21
Q

second messenger pathways x2

A

cAMP

Ca

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22
Q

phases of energy production

A
  • digestion
  • glycolysis
  • citric acid cycle (kreb’s cycle)
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23
Q

glycolysis

A

second phase of energy production
pyruvate enters mitochondria
converted to acetyl CoA

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24
Q

citric acid cycle aka

A

kreb’s cycle

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25
citric acid cycle (kreb's cycle)
most important part is oxidative phosphorylation = yields the most ATP
26
most important response to sepsis
give antibiotics within one hour!
27
SIRS
?
28
sepsis
?
29
septic shock
?
30
osmolality
mOs/kg
31
normal body osmolality
280 - 294 mOsm
32
accounts for roughly 70% of oncotic pressure
albumin
33
hydrostatic pressure
pushes water in cell clinical ex: blood pressure
34
osmotic pressure
amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water - more flow out vs oncotic
35
oncotic pressure
plasma proteins tend to dictate the pressure within a capillary - more flow in vs osmotic
36
isotonic osmolality
250 - 375 mOsm/L NS, LR
37
hypotonic osmolality
below 250 mOsm/L 1/2NS
38
hypertonic osmolality
above 375 mOsm/L
39
D5W tonicity
isotonic but once it enters body, dextrose is used up by cells and solution becomes hypotonic
40
micropinocytosis
specific macromolecules taken up - digested by lysosome
41
macropinocytosis
large droplets of fluid trapped underneath cell membrane role in antigen presentation
42
phagocytosis
large molecular substances enter cell so they can be isolated and destroyed by lysosomal enzymes
43
resting membrane potential
-70 to -85 mV reflects difference in electrical charge in ICF vs ECF
44
G1
phase of cellular reproduction: cellular growth cellular contents, excluding chromosomes, duplicated
45
S
phase of cellular reproduction: DNA replication each of the 46 chromosomes duplicated by the cell
46
G2
phase of cellular reproduction: RNA and protein synthesis double checks duplicated chromosomes for error, makes repair
47
M
phase of cellular reproduction: mitosis & cytokinesis (nuclear division & cell division)
48
G0
cell cycle arrest
49
mitosis
``` prophase prometaphase metaphase anaphase telophase ``` then followed by cytokinesis
50
prophase
mitosis step 1: spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane breakdown, chromosomes condensing (paired, each comprised of sister chromatids)
51
prometaphase
mitosis step 2: spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, chromosomes still condensing
52
metaphase
mitosis step 3: chromosomes align
53
anaphase
mitosis step 4: centromeres divide, sister chromatids move to opposite poles
54
telophase
mitosis step 5: nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense, spindle fibers disappear
55
cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides, parent becomes 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information
56
growth factors aka
cytokines
57
growth factors (cytokines)
peptides that transmit signal between/within cells play major role in regulation of tissue growth and development by providing stimulatory signals
58
cells without sufficient growth factor
arrested in G0 state special growth factors can move cancerous cells from G0 to G1 where they are susceptible to chemo, radiation
59
epithelial cells main shapes x3
squamous, cuboidal, columnar
60
connective tissue
varies considerable in structure, function, but is most common as framework on which epithelial cells cluster to form organs characterized by abundant ECM surrounding few cells (ground substance plus fibers [collagenous, elastic, reticular])
61
squamous cells
shape of epithelial cell: flat, thin
62
cuboidal cells
shape of epithelial cell: appear square in vertical sections
63
columnar cells
shape of epithelial cell: appear rectangular in vertical sections
64
ground substance
homogenous mass that varies in consistency from fluid to semisolid gel fibers produced by fibroblasts found within it: collagenous, elastic, reticular ECM is comprised of this
65
collagenous fibers
found in ground substance: formed of bundles of smaller fibers appearing as wavy bands under microscope composed of collagen - strong and inellastic
66
elastic fibers
found in ground substance: long, branching, composed of elastin - allows fibers to return to original length after stretching
67
reticular fibers
found in ground substance: thin, short, branching, form an inelastic network made from collagen-like protein called reticulum form internal framework (stroma) to which epithelial cells of glands are attached
68
cellular adaptation
/reversible/ response to normal and pathologic conditions in order to maintain homeostasis
69
dysplasia
abnormal size, shape, and organization of cells; related to hyperplasia - aka atypical hyperplasia
70
metaplasia
/reversible/ replacement of a mature cell by another often less differentiated cell
71
most common cause of cellular injury
hypoxia
72
reperfusion injury
restoration of oxygen causes additional injury resulting from generation of highly reactive oxygen intermediates (oxidative stress) radicals include: hydroxyl, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide they damage cellular membrane and overload mitochondria with Ca, leading to increased mitochondrial permeability and cell death
73
oxidative stress
when reactive oxygen species exceeds antioxidant system effects of ROS appear to be concentration dependent
74
primary source and target of ROS
mitochondria
75
chemical injuries, known mechanisms x2
direct toxicity | reactive free radicals and lipid peroxidation
76
one of the most common chemical burns in the US
hydrofluoric acid
77
CO affinity for hemoglobin?
200x oxygen = hypoxia
78
CO poisoning diagnosis confirmed how?
blood sample carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level non-smokers: greater than 2% smokers: greater than 9%
79
CO monoxide poisoning
administration of pure oxygen via - facemask - ventilator - hyperbaric treatment, on occasion
80
leading cause of poisoning in children
medication ingestion
81
one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide
acetaminophen
82
lead poisoning primary routes x2
ingestion, inhalation
83
consequences of fetal lead exposure
nervous system impairment - learning disorders - inattention - hyperactivity
84
lead poisoning presentation/management
can be difficult, symptoms are vague check whole blood lead levels
85
lead stored where in body?
blood, soft tissues, bone
86
lead poisoning pathophysiology
able to mimic other metals and participate as co-factor in reactions, most notably, in disruption of hemoglobin synthesis
87
FDA recommendation re: mercury for pregnant women, nursing mothers, children
eat only fish with mercury content less than 1 ppm
88
mercury has what physiological effect
impaired neurological development
89
methamphetamine
CNS stimulant
90
heroin
opiate closely related to morphine, methadone, codeine
91
cocaine
CNS stimulant
92
methamphetamine effects
paranoia, hyperactive behavior
93
marijuana effects
alterations in sensory perception, impairs fertility, chronic bronchitis
94
heroin effects
extremely addictive, withdrawal causes fear risk for sudden death due to respiratory depression, cardiac collapse
95
cocaine effects
euphoria leads to coronary artery narrowing, thrombus formation, arrhythmias, sudden death
96
leading cause of death for people ages 1 - 34
unintentional injury
97
heat cramps
cramping of voluntary muscles
98
heat exhaustion
hypotension occurs secondary to hypovolemia
99
heat stroke
peripheral vasodilation and decreased circulating volume
100
malignant hyperthermia
inherited disorder of sarcoplasmic reticulum and leads to accelerated skeletal muscle metabolism
101
malignant hyperthermia triggers
inhalation of anesthetic agents or succinylcholine
102
malignant hyperthermia patho x6
``` Elevated temperature Increased muscle metabolism Muscle rigidity Rhabdomyolysis Acidosis Cardiovascular collapse ```
103
malignant hyperthermia treatment
dantrolene 2.5mg/kg
104
drug induced hyperthermia: common prescribed triggers
Salicylates Lithium Anticholinergics Sympathomimetics
105
drug induced hyperthermia: common illicit triggers
Cocaine PCP MDMA, ecstasy LSD
106
neuroleptic malignant syndrome s/s
hyperthermia, mental status changes, muscular rigidity, autonomic instability
107
neuroleptic malignant syndrome tx
remove causative agent, supportive care
108
decompression sickness
when divers resurface too quickly; gas emboli from carbon dioxide and nitrogen coming out of solution due to sudden decrease in pressure
109
henry's law
the amount of gas dissolving into liquid/tissue is equal to the PP of the gas
110
acute mountain sickness
occurs within hours of ascent s/s: headache, nausea, vomiting, weakness, speech difficulty
111
high altitude cerebral edema
neurologic involvement due to hypoxemia-induced cerebral vasodilation s/s: ataxia, ams, weakness
112
high altitude pulmonary edema
non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema in the setting of pulmonary hypertension and elevated capillary pressure
113
ionizing radiation: deterministic damage
exceeding threshold relative to dose administered
114
ionizing radiation: stochastic damage
cell generation, hereditary effects, cancer
115
tay sachs disease
progressively destroys neurons in brain and spinal cord disease of lipid/carb accumulation: mutation with alpha subunit of hexosaminidase A enzyme - fatty wastes not broken down in brain and nervous system
116
tay sachs disease: epidemiology
classic/infantile form: die by 2-4 | high incidence in ashkenasi jews
117
alvor mortis
reduction of body temperature
118
livor mortis
gravity causes blood to pool in dependent areas = mottling
119
rigor mortis
actin and myosin stay bound due to lack of ATP = muscle stifness
120
pallor
pale skin

x 6102 Pathophys (6 decks)

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