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x 6102 Pathophys > 1 cell biology & altered cell/tissue biology > Flashcards

1 cell biology & altered cell/tissue biology Flashcards

1
Q

family history of malignant hyperthermia, medication to avoid

A

succinylcholine - depolarizing neuromuscular blocker

very high risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome

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2
Q

lipids function in cell

A

structural support, alternate energy source

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3
Q

synthesize extracellular matrix

A

fibroblasts

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4
Q

collagen

A

cable-like fibers or sheets that provide tensile strength or resistance to longitudinal strength

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5
Q

elastin

A

ubber-like protein fiber most abundant in tissue that must be capable of stretching and recoiling

ex: lungs

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6
Q

fibronectin

A

large glycoprotein, promotes cell adhesion and anchorage

clinical ex: reduced amounts found in certain cancerous cells - allows metastasis

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7
Q

basal lamina

A

aka basement membrane; thin layer of connective tissue underlying the epithelium of many organs

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8
Q

macromolecules that live in the ECM

A

collagen
elastin
fibronectin

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9
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A

cell-surface proteins that bind cell to adjacent cells and to components of ECM

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10
Q

CAM fams

A

integrin
cadherin
selectin
immunoglobulin superfamily

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11
Q

integrin

A

1 of 4 types of cell-adhesion molecule

major class of receptors in ECM, help regulate cell-ECM interactions with collagen, fibronectin, vitronectin, fibrinogen

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12
Q

selectin

A

1 of 4 types of cell-adhesion molecule

bind certain carbohydrates

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13
Q

cadherin

A

1 of 4 types of cell-adhesion molecule

calcium dependent glycoproteins

unique pattern of tissue distribution

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14
Q

immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

1 of 4 types of cell-adhesion molecule

part of immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs
bind integrins or other IgSF CAMs

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15
Q

types of cell junctions x3

A

desmosomes
gap junctions
tight junctions

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16
Q

desmosome

A

“fishing net”; system of braces to maintain structural stability

connect the plasma membrane to intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm

function:
- structural support
- role in wound healing
- embryonic development

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17
Q

gap junction

A

clusters of communicating tunnel/channel called connexons and allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from inside of one cell to inside of another

electrically and metabolically coupled which helps to coordinate activities from cell to cell

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18
Q

tight junction

A

prevent diffusion, leakage of small molecules between plasma membranes of adjacent cells

aid in regulating cell polarity

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19
Q

connexons

A

many together create gap junctions

joining proteins that extend outward from each of the adjacent plasma membranes

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20
Q

cyclic adenosinemonophosphate

A

secondary messenger pathway

  1. ligand binds to receptor
  2. adenylyl cyclase is activated
  3. G protein acts as intermediary (between receptor and adenylyl cyclase)
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21
Q

second messenger pathways x2

A

cAMP

Ca

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22
Q

phases of energy production

A
  • digestion
  • glycolysis
  • citric acid cycle (kreb’s cycle)
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23
Q

glycolysis

A

second phase of energy production
pyruvate enters mitochondria
converted to acetyl CoA

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24
Q

citric acid cycle aka

A

kreb’s cycle

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25
Q

citric acid cycle (kreb’s cycle)

A

most important part is oxidative phosphorylation = yields the most ATP

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26
Q

most important response to sepsis

A

give antibiotics within one hour!

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27
Q

SIRS

A

?

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28
Q

sepsis

A

?

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29
Q

septic shock

A

?

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30
Q

osmolality

A

mOs/kg

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31
Q

normal body osmolality

A

280 - 294 mOsm

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32
Q

accounts for roughly 70% of oncotic pressure

A

albumin

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33
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pushes water in cell

clinical ex: blood pressure

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34
Q

osmotic pressure

A

amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water

  • more flow out vs oncotic
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35
Q

oncotic pressure

A

plasma proteins tend to dictate the pressure within a capillary

  • more flow in vs osmotic
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36
Q

isotonic osmolality

A

250 - 375 mOsm/L

NS, LR

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37
Q

hypotonic osmolality

A

below 250 mOsm/L

1/2NS

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38
Q

hypertonic osmolality

A

above 375 mOsm/L

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39
Q

D5W tonicity

A

isotonic but once it enters body, dextrose is used up by cells and solution becomes hypotonic

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40
Q

micropinocytosis

A

specific macromolecules taken up - digested by lysosome

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41
Q

macropinocytosis

A

large droplets of fluid trapped underneath cell membrane

role in antigen presentation

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42
Q

phagocytosis

A

large molecular substances enter cell so they can be isolated and destroyed by lysosomal enzymes

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43
Q

resting membrane potential

A

-70 to -85 mV

reflects difference in electrical charge in ICF vs ECF

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44
Q

G1

A

phase of cellular reproduction: cellular growth

cellular contents, excluding chromosomes, duplicated

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45
Q

S

A

phase of cellular reproduction: DNA replication

each of the 46 chromosomes duplicated by the cell

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46
Q

G2

A

phase of cellular reproduction: RNA and protein synthesis

double checks duplicated chromosomes for error, makes repair

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47
Q

M

A

phase of cellular reproduction: mitosis & cytokinesis (nuclear division & cell division)

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48
Q

G0

A

cell cycle arrest

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49
Q

mitosis

A 
prophase 
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

then followed by cytokinesis

50
Q

prophase

A

mitosis step 1: spindle fibers appear, nuclear membrane breakdown, chromosomes condensing (paired, each comprised of sister chromatids)

51
Q

prometaphase

A

mitosis step 2: spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, chromosomes still condensing

52
Q

metaphase

A

mitosis step 3: chromosomes align

53
Q

anaphase

A

mitosis step 4: centromeres divide, sister chromatids move to opposite poles

54
Q

telophase

A

mitosis step 5: nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense, spindle fibers disappear

55
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides, parent becomes 2 daughter cells with identical genetic information

56
Q

growth factors aka

A

cytokines

57
Q

growth factors (cytokines)

A

peptides that transmit signal between/within cells

play major role in regulation of tissue growth and development by providing stimulatory signals

58
Q

cells without sufficient growth factor

A

arrested in G0 state

special growth factors can move cancerous cells from G0 to G1 where they are susceptible to chemo, radiation

59
Q

epithelial cells main shapes x3

A

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

60
Q

connective tissue

A

varies considerable in structure, function, but is most common as framework on which epithelial cells cluster to form organs

characterized by abundant ECM surrounding few cells (ground substance plus fibers [collagenous, elastic, reticular])

61
Q

squamous cells

A

shape of epithelial cell: flat, thin

62
Q

cuboidal cells

A

shape of epithelial cell: appear square in vertical sections

63
Q

columnar cells

A

shape of epithelial cell: appear rectangular in vertical sections

64
Q

ground substance

A

homogenous mass that varies in consistency from fluid to semisolid gel

fibers produced by fibroblasts found within it: collagenous, elastic, reticular

ECM is comprised of this

65
Q

collagenous fibers

A

found in ground substance: formed of bundles of smaller fibers appearing as wavy bands under microscope

composed of collagen - strong and inellastic

66
Q

elastic fibers

A

found in ground substance: long, branching, composed of elastin - allows fibers to return to original length after stretching

67
Q

reticular fibers

A

found in ground substance: thin, short, branching, form an inelastic network made from collagen-like protein called reticulum

form internal framework (stroma) to which epithelial cells of glands are attached

68
Q

cellular adaptation

A

/reversible/ response to normal and pathologic conditions in order to maintain homeostasis

69
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal size, shape, and organization of cells; related to hyperplasia - aka atypical hyperplasia

70
Q

metaplasia

A

/reversible/ replacement of a mature cell by another often less differentiated cell

71
Q

most common cause of cellular injury

A

hypoxia

72
Q

reperfusion injury

A

restoration of oxygen causes additional injury resulting from generation of highly reactive oxygen intermediates (oxidative stress)

radicals include: hydroxyl, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide

they damage cellular membrane and overload mitochondria with Ca, leading to increased mitochondrial permeability and cell death

73
Q

oxidative stress

A

when reactive oxygen species exceeds antioxidant system

effects of ROS appear to be concentration dependent

74
Q

primary source and target of ROS

A

mitochondria

75
Q

chemical injuries, known mechanisms x2

A

direct toxicity

reactive free radicals and lipid peroxidation

76
Q

one of the most common chemical burns in the US

A

hydrofluoric acid

77
Q

CO affinity for hemoglobin?

A

200x oxygen = hypoxia

78
Q

CO poisoning diagnosis confirmed how?

A

blood sample carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level

non-smokers: greater than 2%
smokers: greater than 9%

79
Q

CO monoxide poisoning

A

administration of pure oxygen via

  • facemask
  • ventilator
  • hyperbaric treatment, on occasion
80
Q

leading cause of poisoning in children

A

medication ingestion

81
Q

one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide

A

acetaminophen

82
Q

lead poisoning primary routes x2

A

ingestion, inhalation

83
Q

consequences of fetal lead exposure

A

nervous system impairment

  • learning disorders
  • inattention
  • hyperactivity
84
Q

lead poisoning presentation/management

A

can be difficult, symptoms are vague

check whole blood lead levels

85
Q

lead stored where in body?

A

blood, soft tissues, bone

86
Q

lead poisoning pathophysiology

A

able to mimic other metals and participate as co-factor in reactions, most notably, in disruption of hemoglobin synthesis

87
Q

FDA recommendation re: mercury for pregnant women, nursing mothers, children

A

eat only fish with mercury content less than 1 ppm

88
Q

mercury has what physiological effect

A

impaired neurological development

89
Q

methamphetamine

A

CNS stimulant

90
Q

heroin

A

opiate closely related to morphine, methadone, codeine

91
Q

cocaine

A

CNS stimulant

92
Q

methamphetamine effects

A

paranoia, hyperactive behavior

93
Q

marijuana effects

A

alterations in sensory perception, impairs fertility, chronic bronchitis

94
Q

heroin effects

A

extremely addictive, withdrawal causes fear

risk for sudden death due to respiratory depression, cardiac collapse

95
Q

cocaine effects

A

euphoria

leads to coronary artery narrowing, thrombus formation, arrhythmias, sudden death

96
Q

leading cause of death for people ages 1 - 34

A

unintentional injury

97
Q

heat cramps

A

cramping of voluntary muscles

98
Q

heat exhaustion

A

hypotension occurs secondary to hypovolemia

99
Q

heat stroke

A

peripheral vasodilation and decreased circulating volume

100
Q

malignant hyperthermia

A

inherited disorder of sarcoplasmic reticulum and leads to accelerated skeletal muscle metabolism

101
Q

malignant hyperthermia triggers

A

inhalation of anesthetic agents or succinylcholine

102
Q

malignant hyperthermia patho x6

A 
Elevated temperature
Increased muscle metabolism
Muscle rigidity
Rhabdomyolysis
Acidosis
Cardiovascular collapse
103
Q

malignant hyperthermia treatment

A

dantrolene 2.5mg/kg

104
Q

drug induced hyperthermia: common prescribed triggers

A

Salicylates
Lithium
Anticholinergics
Sympathomimetics

105
Q

drug induced hyperthermia: common illicit triggers

A

Cocaine
PCP
MDMA, ecstasy
LSD

106
Q

neuroleptic malignant syndrome s/s

A

hyperthermia, mental status changes, muscular rigidity, autonomic instability

107
Q

neuroleptic malignant syndrome tx

A

remove causative agent, supportive care

108
Q

decompression sickness

A

when divers resurface too quickly; gas emboli from carbon dioxide and nitrogen coming out of solution due to sudden decrease in pressure

109
Q

henry’s law

A

the amount of gas dissolving into liquid/tissue is equal to the PP of the gas

110
Q

acute mountain sickness

A

occurs within hours of ascent

s/s: headache, nausea, vomiting, weakness, speech difficulty

111
Q

high altitude cerebral edema

A

neurologic involvement due to hypoxemia-induced cerebral vasodilation

s/s: ataxia, ams, weakness

112
Q

high altitude pulmonary edema

A

non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema in the setting of pulmonary hypertension and elevated capillary pressure

113
Q

ionizing radiation: deterministic damage

A

exceeding threshold relative to dose administered

114
Q

ionizing radiation: stochastic damage

A

cell generation, hereditary effects, cancer

115
Q

tay sachs disease

A

progressively destroys neurons in brain and spinal cord

disease of lipid/carb accumulation: mutation with alpha subunit of hexosaminidase A enzyme - fatty wastes not broken down in brain and nervous system

116
Q

tay sachs disease: epidemiology

A

classic/infantile form: die by 2-4

high incidence in ashkenasi jews

117
Q

alvor mortis

A

reduction of body temperature

118
Q

livor mortis

A

gravity causes blood to pool in dependent areas = mottling

119
Q

rigor mortis

A

actin and myosin stay bound due to lack of ATP = muscle stifness

120
Q

pallor

A

pale skin

x 6102 Pathophys (6 decks)

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