1 Cell Architecture Flashcards
1
Q
Latin cella, meaning
A
“storeroom” or “chamber
2
Q
first used in biology in 1665 by the English scientist, honeycomb- like structure he observed in cork; actually the empty lumens of dead cells
A
Robert Hooke
3
Q
- branch of science that deals with plant functions encompassing plant growth, metabolism and reproduction
- unravels the relationships and
interactions among various plant processes that underlie plant response, as a whole, to its
growth environment
A
Plant Physiology
4
Q
- study of the macroscopic arrangements of cells and tissues within organs,
A
Plant anatomy
5
Q
- study of the organelles and other small
components that make up each cell.
A
plant cell biology
6
Q
(from the Greek for “naked
seed”
A
gymnosperms
7
Q
based on the Greek for “vessel seed,” or seeds contained in a
vessel
A
angiosperms
8
Q
- less advanced type
- 700 species
- conifers (“cone-bearers”) - pine, fir, spruce, and redwood.
A
Gymnosperms
9
Q
- more advanced
- dominate the landscape
- 250,000 species
- flowering plants
A
Angiosperms
10
Q
primary function of leaf
A
photosynthesis
11
Q
primary function of stem
A
support
12
Q
primary function of root
A
anchorage and absorption of water and minerals
13
Q
Leaves are attached to the stem at
A
nodes
14
Q
the region of
the stem between two nodes is termed the
A
internode
15
Q
stem together with its leaves is
commonly referred to as the .
A
shoot
16
Q
Shoot system of the plant serve as the
A
aerial photosynthetic part
17
Q
the root system serves as the _ of the higher terrestrial plant.
A
main absorptive and anchorage
system
18
Q
leaves main function for photosynthesis happens mainly on the _
A
mesophyll layer
19
Q
mesophyll layer:
loosely arranged lower ground tissue called the
A
spongy layer
20
Q
mesophyll layer:
packed upper ground tissues known as the
A
palisade layer
21
Q
The structure and arrangement of palisade cells in the mesophyll tissue plays a crucial
role in photosynthesis.
A
- The elongated and cylindrical shape (contain more chloroplasts (70% chloroplasts per palisade cell))
- their close proximity arrangement (absorb more light)
22
Q
spongy cells, do not receive enough sunlight; , their loose arrangement is ideal
for _ that is also important in photosynthesis
A
gaseous exchange
23
Q
Higher terrestrial plants also contain three main plant tissues such as the _
A
dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue.
24
Q
- “skin” of plants
- covers and protects the leaves, stem, roots
- first line of defense
- aid in gaseous exchange
A
Dermal Tissues (Surface)
25
tissues under Dermal Tissues (Surface)
epidermis
periderm
26
* flattened, tile-like
* transparent, lack chlorophyll
* coated with cuticle (cutin + wax) for water retention
* outermost layer of cells in all plant organs
* increasing the absorptive surface area in root hairs
Epidermis
27
specialized cells found in epidermis
* guard cells,
* trichomes or epidermal hairs and
* root hairs
28
* a different shape and
* contain chloroplasts;
* **cells surround the stomata**
Guard cells
29
* epidermal outgrowths that differ in form in different plants;
* help **regulate heat and water balance** of leaves
Trichomes or Epidermal hairs
30
* located near the tips of roots;
* help absorb water and minerals from soil;
** increase absorptive area of roots*
Root hairs
31
* semi-rectangular and boxlike cork cells
* outermost layer of bark and
* dead at maturity
* **replaces epidermis** in stems and roots undergoing secondary growth
Periderm
32
* found in most parts of the plant body
* storage
* basic metabolism
* support
Ground Tissues (Fundamental)
33
tissues under ground tissues
parenchyma tissue
collenchyma tissue
sclerenchyma tissue
34
* most abundant type of cells in plants
* most of the **edible** portions of fruit
* **thin walls, large vacuoles, spherical**
* **primary walls** only
* food and water storage, photosynthesis, movement, food transportation
* irregular extensions increasing surface area of plasma membrane - transfer of dissolved substances between adjacent cells
* **living in maturity** (can divide when mature)
* **repair damage** to plant tissues
Parenchyma
35
**parenchyma** cells that have **many chloroplast**s, found in leaves
chlorenchyma
36
**parenchyma** cells that are loosely packed together with **connected air spaces**. E.g. water lilies
Aerenchyma tissue
37
* **elongated**
* **unevenly thickened nonlignified primary walls** and **secondary walls**
* support in **growing region** of plants
* forming strands/ continuous cylinders in nonwoody plants (strings of celery leaves)
* **living in maturity**
Collenchyma
38
* rigid, thick, **lignified** nonstretchable secondary walls
* found in any/ all parts of primary and secondary plant bodies
* secondary walls - **lignin**
* no living protoplast when mature - **dead at maturity**
* support and strength
sclerenchyma
39
sclerenchyma two classifications
sclereids
fibers
40
* variable in shapes
* often branched
* short
* singly/ small groups
* found in seed coats of many seeds
sclereids
41
* long, slender cells - strands/ bundles
fibers
42
specialized tissues that transport water and dissolved solutes
vascular tissues
43
kinds of vascular tissues
xylem
phloem
44
* water-conducting tissue
* water and dissolved substances - **upward** through the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of the plant body
* **dead cells at maturity**
xylem
45
conducting cells in xylem
xylary elements
46
xylary elements
tracheids
vessel elements
47
* strength, conduction with pitted cell walls
* only type of xylem in most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
tracheids
48
* barrel-shaped, perforated
* shorter, wider
* perforation plates at the ends walls where the _ joined end-to-end to form continuous columns - vessels
vessel elements
49
* food-conducting tissue
* dissolved organic materials from leaves to other parts
* still-living cells
* chief function is conduction
phloem
50
conducting elements of phloem
sieve elements
51
# sieve elements
* **long, narrow** with tapered, overlapping ends
* mostly in **gymnosperms**
sieve cells
52
# sieve elements
* **shorter and wider**
* vertically elongated rows of cylindrical cells with perforated end walls (sieve plate)
* **living protoplasts** at maturity
* occur in **angiosperms**
sieve tubes
53
parenchyma cells associated with sieve tubes which
help regulate the **loading and unloading of carbohydrates**
Companion cells
54
Biological Membranes Are Phospholipid Bilayers That Contain _
Proteins
55
The Nucleus Contains Most of the _ of the Cell
Genetic Material
56
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a Network of _ Membranes
Internal
57
_ for Secretion Are Processed in the Golgi Apparatus
Proteins and Polysaccharides
58
The Central Vacuole Contains Water and _
Solutes
59
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Sites of Energy _
Conversion
60
* plasmalemma
* take up/ retain/ exclude substances
* embedded transport proteins for selective traffic of solutes
plasma membrane
61
▪ phospholipids - class of lipids in which two fatty acids are covalently linked to
+, which is covalently linked to a phosphate group;
glycerol
62
# bonds?
* saturated fatty acids
* unsaturated
* no double bonds
* one/ more *cis* double bonds
63
3 types of proteins
* integral proteins
* peripheral proteins
* anchored proteins
64
protein that span the entire width of the
phospholipid bilayer
integral proteins -
65
* bound to the membrane surface by noncovalent bonds, such as ionic bonds or hydrogen bonds
* can be dissociated from membrane with high salt solutions (break ionic bonds) or chaotropic agents (break H-bonds)
peripheral proteins
66
proteins that are covalently attached to membrane surface via lipid molecules
anchored proteins
67
* regulates metabolism, growth, cell differentiation
* storage and replication of the chromosomes (composed of DNA and its associated proteins; DNA-protein complex is collectively known as chromatin)
nucleus
68
genes and their intervening sequence
nuclear genome
69
nucleus surrounded by double membrane
nuclear envelope;
70
space between the two
membranes of the nuclear envelope is called the
perinuclear space
71
two
membranes of the nuclear envelope join at sites called
nuclear pores
72
specific amino acid sequence; is required for a protein
to gain entry into the nucleus
nuclear localization signal
73
densely granular region; site of ribosome synthesis
nucleolus
74
sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
75
* membranes of the ER are typical lipid bilayers with interspersed integral and peripheral proteins;
* these membranes form flattened or tubular sacs known as
_
cisternae
76
**Rough ER** - covered with ribosomes that are actively engaged in **protein synthesis**; rough ER tends to be _ (a flat sheet composed of two-unit membranes)
lamellar
77
**Smooth ER** - ER tends to be _; major site of lipid synthesis and membrane assembly
tubular
78
* dynamic structure consisting of **one or more stacks of three to ten flattened membrane sacs**, or cisternae, and an irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the _
* each individual stack is called a **Golgi body or dictyosome**
* synthesis and secretion of complex polysaccharides and in the assembly of the oligosaccharide side
chains of glycoproteins
trans Golgi network (TGN)
79
* role in cell wall formation; non-cellulosic cell wall polysaccharides (hemicellulose and pectin) are synthesized,
* and a variety of
glycoproteins, (hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins)
golgi apparatus
80
derived from the Golgi carry the polysaccharides and
glycoproteins to the plasma membrane,
secretory vesicles
81
* large, water-filled central vacuoles;
* occupy 80 to 90% of the total volume of the cell
* each vacuole is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane called _
* in meristematic tissue, vacuoles are less prominent, though they are always present as small _ (produced by TGN);
* contain water and dissolved inorganic ions, organic acids, sugars, enzymes, and a variety of secondary metabolites;
* role in plant defense
* active solute accumulation provides osmotic driving force for water uptake, plant cell enlargement
tonoplast
provacuoles
82
specialized protein-storing vacuoles; abundant in seeds
protein bodies
83
storage of hydrolytic enzymes; fuse with the protein bodies to initiate the breakdown process
lytic vacuoles
84
* cellular sites of respiration
* infoldings of inner membrane -
* compartment enclosed by inner membrane and contains enzymes for Krebs cycle
mitochondria
cristae
mitochondrial matrix
85
group of double membrane-enclosed organelles that contains materials commonly associated with pigments and organic molecules
plastids
86
▪ all plastids contain the same genome as _,
chloroplasts
## Footnote
but they differ in both structure
and function
87
lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoids
Chromoplast
88
– nonpigmented plastids, which store a variety of energy sources
in non-photosynthetic tissues
leucoplast
89
– a type of leucoplast that stores starch
Amyloplasts
90
– a type of leucoplast that stores lipids
Elaioplasts
91
a type of leucoplast that contain crystalline bodies of proteins
Proteinoplasts
92
- major site of photosynthesis and lipid synthesis which contains
the green pigment known as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b on its membranes
Chloroplast
93
chloroplasts possess a third system of membranes called
thylakoids
94
– part of chloroplast that contains **porins** = freely permeable to small molecules
outer membrane
95
– **impermeable to ions and metabolites** = restricts the
passage of molecules between the cytosol and the interior organelle
inner membrane
96
site of electron transport and chemiosmotic generation of ATP
thylakoid membrane
97
internal compartments of chloroplast
intermembrane space
stroma
thylakoid lumen
98
space between the two membranes of
the chloroplast envelope;
intermembrane space
99
lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane;
stroma
100
stack of thylakoids form
granum
101
adjacent grana are connected by unstacked membranes called
stroma lamellae
102
proteins and pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) that function in the
photochemical events of photosynthesis are embedded in the _
thylakoid membrane
103
fluid compartment surrounding the thylakoids
stroma
