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Plant Physiology > 1 Cell Architecture > Flashcards

1 Cell Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

Latin cella, meaning

A

“storeroom” or “chamber

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2
Q

first used in biology in 1665 by the English scientist, honeycomb- like structure he observed in cork; actually the empty lumens of dead cells

A

Robert Hooke

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3
Q
  • branch of science that deals with plant functions encompassing plant growth, metabolism and reproduction
  • unravels the relationships and
    interactions among various plant processes that underlie plant response, as a whole, to its
    growth environment
A

Plant Physiology

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4
Q
  • study of the macroscopic arrangements of cells and tissues within organs,
A

Plant anatomy

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5
Q
  • study of the organelles and other small
    components that make up each cell.
A

plant cell biology

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6
Q

(from the Greek for “naked
seed”

A

gymnosperms

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7
Q

based on the Greek for “vessel seed,” or seeds contained in a
vessel

A

angiosperms

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8
Q
  • less advanced type
  • 700 species
  • conifers (“cone-bearers”) - pine, fir, spruce, and redwood.
A

Gymnosperms

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9
Q
  • more advanced
  • dominate the landscape
  • 250,000 species
  • flowering plants
A

Angiosperms

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10
Q

primary function of leaf

A

photosynthesis

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11
Q

primary function of stem

A

support

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12
Q

primary function of root

A

anchorage and absorption of water and minerals

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13
Q

Leaves are attached to the stem at

A

nodes

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14
Q

the region of
the stem between two nodes is termed the

A

internode

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15
Q

stem together with its leaves is
commonly referred to as the .

A

shoot

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16
Q

Shoot system of the plant serve as the

A

aerial photosynthetic part

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17
Q

the root system serves as the _ of the higher terrestrial plant.

A

main absorptive and anchorage
system

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18
Q

leaves main function for photosynthesis happens mainly on the _

A

mesophyll layer

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19
Q

mesophyll layer:
loosely arranged lower ground tissue called the

A

spongy layer

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20
Q

mesophyll layer:
packed upper ground tissues known as the

A

palisade layer

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21
Q

The structure and arrangement of palisade cells in the mesophyll tissue plays a crucial
role in photosynthesis.

A
  • The elongated and cylindrical shape (contain more chloroplasts (70% chloroplasts per palisade cell))
  • their close proximity arrangement (absorb more light)
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22
Q

spongy cells, do not receive enough sunlight; , their loose arrangement is ideal
for _ that is also important in photosynthesis

A

gaseous exchange

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23
Q

Higher terrestrial plants also contain three main plant tissues such as the _

A

dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue.

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24
Q
  • “skin” of plants
  • covers and protects the leaves, stem, roots
  • first line of defense
  • aid in gaseous exchange
A

Dermal Tissues (Surface)

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25
Q

tissues under Dermal Tissues (Surface)

A

epidermis
periderm

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26
Q
  • flattened, tile-like
  • transparent, lack chlorophyll
  • coated with cuticle (cutin + wax) for water retention
  • outermost layer of cells in all plant organs
  • increasing the absorptive surface area in root hairs
A

Epidermis

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27
Q

specialized cells found in epidermis

A
  • guard cells,
  • trichomes or epidermal hairs and
  • root hairs
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28
Q
  • a different shape and
  • contain chloroplasts;
  • cells surround the stomata
A

Guard cells

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29
Q
  • epidermal outgrowths that differ in form in different plants;
  • help regulate heat and water balance of leaves
A

Trichomes or Epidermal hairs

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30
Q
  • located near the tips of roots;
  • help absorb water and minerals from soil;
    ** increase absorptive area of roots*
A

Root hairs

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31
Q
  • semi-rectangular and boxlike cork cells
  • outermost layer of bark and
  • dead at maturity
  • replaces epidermis in stems and roots undergoing secondary growth
A

Periderm

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32
Q
  • found in most parts of the plant body
  • storage
  • basic metabolism
  • support
A

Ground Tissues (Fundamental)

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33
Q

tissues under ground tissues

A

parenchyma tissue
collenchyma tissue
sclerenchyma tissue

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34
Q
  • most abundant type of cells in plants
  • most of the edible portions of fruit
  • thin walls, large vacuoles, spherical
  • primary walls only
  • food and water storage, photosynthesis, movement, food transportation
  • irregular extensions increasing surface area of plasma membrane - transfer of dissolved substances between adjacent cells
  • living in maturity (can divide when mature)
  • repair damage to plant tissues
A

Parenchyma

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35
Q

parenchyma cells that have many chloroplasts, found in leaves

A

chlorenchyma

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36
Q

parenchyma cells that are loosely packed together with connected air spaces. E.g. water lilies

A

Aerenchyma tissue

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37
Q
  • elongated
  • unevenly thickened nonlignified primary walls and secondary walls
  • support in growing region of plants
  • forming strands/ continuous cylinders in nonwoody plants (strings of celery leaves)
  • living in maturity
A

Collenchyma

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38
Q
  • rigid, thick, lignified nonstretchable secondary walls
  • found in any/ all parts of primary and secondary plant bodies
  • secondary walls - lignin
  • no living protoplast when mature - dead at maturity
  • support and strength
A

sclerenchyma

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39
Q

sclerenchyma two classifications

A

sclereids
fibers

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40
Q
  • variable in shapes
  • often branched
  • short
  • singly/ small groups
  • found in seed coats of many seeds
A

sclereids

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41
Q
  • long, slender cells - strands/ bundles
A

fibers

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42
Q

specialized tissues that transport water and dissolved solutes

A

vascular tissues

43
Q

kinds of vascular tissues

A

xylem
phloem

44
Q
  • water-conducting tissue
  • water and dissolved substances - upward through the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of the plant body
  • dead cells at maturity
A

xylem

45
Q

conducting cells in xylem

A

xylary elements

46
Q

xylary elements

A

tracheids
vessel elements

47
Q
  • strength, conduction with pitted cell walls
  • only type of xylem in most seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
A

tracheids

48
Q
  • barrel-shaped, perforated
  • shorter, wider
  • perforation plates at the ends walls where the _ joined end-to-end to form continuous columns - vessels
A

vessel elements

49
Q
  • food-conducting tissue
  • dissolved organic materials from leaves to other parts
  • still-living cells
  • chief function is conduction
A

phloem

50
Q

conducting elements of phloem

A

sieve elements

51
Q

sieve elements

  • long, narrow with tapered, overlapping ends
  • mostly in gymnosperms
A

sieve cells

52
Q

sieve elements

  • shorter and wider
  • vertically elongated rows of cylindrical cells with perforated end walls (sieve plate)
  • living protoplasts at maturity
  • occur in angiosperms
A

sieve tubes

53
Q

parenchyma cells associated with sieve tubes which
help regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates

A

Companion cells

54
Q

Biological Membranes Are Phospholipid Bilayers That Contain _

A

Proteins

55
Q

The Nucleus Contains Most of the _ of the Cell

A

Genetic Material

56
Q

The Endoplasmic Reticulum Is a Network of _ Membranes

A

Internal

57
Q

_ for Secretion Are Processed in the Golgi Apparatus

A

Proteins and Polysaccharides

58
Q

The Central Vacuole Contains Water and _

A

Solutes

59
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Sites of Energy _

A

Conversion

60
Q
  • plasmalemma
  • take up/ retain/ exclude substances
  • embedded transport proteins for selective traffic of solutes
A

plasma membrane

61
Q

▪ phospholipids - class of lipids in which two fatty acids are covalently linked to
+, which is covalently linked to a phosphate group;

A

glycerol

62
Q

bonds?

  • saturated fatty acids
  • unsaturated
A
  • no double bonds
  • one/ more cis double bonds
63
Q

3 types of proteins

A
  • integral proteins
  • peripheral proteins
  • anchored proteins
64
Q

protein that span the entire width of the
phospholipid bilayer

A

integral proteins -

65
Q
  • bound to the membrane surface by noncovalent bonds, such as ionic bonds or hydrogen bonds
  • can be dissociated from membrane with high salt solutions (break ionic bonds) or chaotropic agents (break H-bonds)
A

peripheral proteins

66
Q

proteins that are covalently attached to membrane surface via lipid molecules

A

anchored proteins

67
Q
  • regulates metabolism, growth, cell differentiation
  • storage and replication of the chromosomes (composed of DNA and its associated proteins; DNA-protein complex is collectively known as chromatin)
A

nucleus

68
Q

genes and their intervening sequence

A

nuclear genome

69
Q

nucleus surrounded by double membrane

A

nuclear envelope;

70
Q

space between the two
membranes of the nuclear envelope is called the

A

perinuclear space

71
Q

two
membranes of the nuclear envelope join at sites called

A

nuclear pores

72
Q

specific amino acid sequence; is required for a protein
to gain entry into the nucleus

A

nuclear localization signal

73
Q

densely granular region; site of ribosome synthesis

A

nucleolus

74
Q

sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

75
Q
  • membranes of the ER are typical lipid bilayers with interspersed integral and peripheral proteins;
  • these membranes form flattened or tubular sacs known as
    _
A

cisternae

76
Q

Rough ER - covered with ribosomes that are actively engaged in protein synthesis; rough ER tends to be _ (a flat sheet composed of two-unit membranes)

A

lamellar

77
Q

Smooth ER - ER tends to be _; major site of lipid synthesis and membrane assembly

A

tubular

78
Q
  • dynamic structure consisting of one or more stacks of three to ten flattened membrane sacs, or cisternae, and an irregular network of tubules and vesicles called the _
  • each individual stack is called a Golgi body or dictyosome
  • synthesis and secretion of complex polysaccharides and in the assembly of the oligosaccharide side
    chains of glycoproteins
A

trans Golgi network (TGN)

79
Q
  • role in cell wall formation; non-cellulosic cell wall polysaccharides (hemicellulose and pectin) are synthesized,
  • and a variety of
    glycoproteins, (hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins)
A

golgi apparatus

80
Q

derived from the Golgi carry the polysaccharides and
glycoproteins to the plasma membrane,

A

secretory vesicles

81
Q
  • large, water-filled central vacuoles;
  • occupy 80 to 90% of the total volume of the cell
  • each vacuole is surrounded by a vacuolar membrane called _
  • in meristematic tissue, vacuoles are less prominent, though they are always present as small _ (produced by TGN);
  • contain water and dissolved inorganic ions, organic acids, sugars, enzymes, and a variety of secondary metabolites;
  • role in plant defense
  • active solute accumulation provides osmotic driving force for water uptake, plant cell enlargement
A

tonoplast
provacuoles

82
Q

specialized protein-storing vacuoles; abundant in seeds

A

protein bodies

83
Q

storage of hydrolytic enzymes; fuse with the protein bodies to initiate the breakdown process

A

lytic vacuoles

84
Q
  • cellular sites of respiration
  • infoldings of inner membrane -
  • compartment enclosed by inner membrane and contains enzymes for Krebs cycle
A

mitochondria
cristae
mitochondrial matrix

85
Q

group of double membrane-enclosed organelles that contains materials commonly associated with pigments and organic molecules

A

plastids

86
Q

▪ all plastids contain the same genome as _,

A

chloroplasts

but they differ in both structure
and function

87
Q

lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoids

A

Chromoplast

88
Q

– nonpigmented plastids, which store a variety of energy sources
in non-photosynthetic tissues

A

leucoplast

89
Q

– a type of leucoplast that stores starch

A

Amyloplasts

90
Q

– a type of leucoplast that stores lipids

A

Elaioplasts

91
Q

a type of leucoplast that contain crystalline bodies of proteins

A

Proteinoplasts

92
Q
  • major site of photosynthesis and lipid synthesis which contains
    the green pigment known as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b on its membranes
A

Chloroplast

93
Q

chloroplasts possess a third system of membranes called

A

thylakoids

94
Q

– part of chloroplast that contains porins = freely permeable to small molecules

A

outer membrane

95
Q

– impermeable to ions and metabolites = restricts the
passage of molecules between the cytosol and the interior organelle

A

inner membrane

96
Q

site of electron transport and chemiosmotic generation of ATP

A

thylakoid membrane

97
Q

internal compartments of chloroplast

A

intermembrane space
stroma
thylakoid lumen

98
Q

space between the two membranes of
the chloroplast envelope;

A

intermembrane space

99
Q

lies inside the envelope but outside the thylakoid membrane;

A

stroma

100
Q

stack of thylakoids form

A

granum

101
Q

adjacent grana are connected by unstacked membranes called

A

stroma lamellae

102
Q

proteins and pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) that function in the
photochemical events of photosynthesis are embedded in the _

A

thylakoid membrane

103
Q

fluid compartment surrounding the thylakoids

A

stroma

Plant Physiology (4 decks)

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