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BIOL 1A - biological molecules > 1. Carbohydrates > Flashcards

1. Carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

most carbohydrates are

A

polymers

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2
Q

carbohydrates are made from

A

monosaccharides

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3
Q

glucose is what kind of sugar

A

hexose sugar

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4
Q

two types of glucose

A

alpha glucose and beta glucose

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5
Q

difference between the 2 types of glucose

A

they are isomers (molecules of same molecular formula but with atoms connected in a different way)

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6
Q

a condensation reaction is when

A

2 molecules join with formation of new chemical bond and a water molecule is released

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7
Q

monosaccharides are joined together by

A

condensation reactions

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8
Q

what mond forms between monosaccharides

A

glycosidic

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9
Q

when 2 monosaccharides join a

A

disaccharide is formed

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10
Q

glucose + fructose

A

sucrose (disaccharide)

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11
Q

glucose + galactose

A

lactose (disaccharide)

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12
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose (disaccharide)

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13
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A

break polymers into their monomers. by addition of water

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14
Q

name of test for reducing sugars and non reducing sugars

A

benedicts test

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15
Q

reducing sugars are

A

all monosaccharides and some disaccharides (maltose and lactose)

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16
Q

how to test for reducing sugar

A
  1. add benedicts reagent (which is blue) to sample
  2. heat in a water bath thats been brought to the boil
  3. if the test is positive it will form a coloured precipiytate
17
Q

change in colour precipitate for a reducing sugar

A

blue -> orange/brick red

18
Q

what indicates the concentration of a reducing sugar

A

the colour change
blue -> green -> yellow -> orange -> brick red
(further along, higher concentration)
OR filter solution and weigh precipitate

19
Q

test for non-reducing sugars (if result of reducing sugars is negative there could still be non-reducing sugar present)

A

first break down into monosaccahrides

  1. add dilute HCl to new sample
  2. carefully heat in water bath thats been brought to the boil
  3. neutralise it with sodium hydrogencarbonate
  4. . carry out benedicts test as you would for a reducing sugar.
  5. positive test = coloured precip. negative test = remains blue.
20
Q

polysaccharide is

A

when more than 2 monosaccharides are joined

21
Q

Starch

is the main energy storage in

A

plants

22
Q

Starch

is a mixture of 2 polysaccharides

A

amylose

amylopectin

23
Q

Starch

amylose is

A

a long unbranched chain of alpha glucose

angles of glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure = makes it compact and therefore good for storage

24
Q

Starch

amylopectin is

A

a long branched chain of alpha glucose

side branches allow enzymes that break it down to get to the glycosidic bonds easily = glucose can be released quickly

25
Q

Starch

is insoluble in water so

A

it doesnt affect water potential = doesnt cause water to enter cells by osmosis which would make them swell.
= good for storage

26
Q

how to test for starch

A

iodene test
add iodene dissolved in oitassium iodide solutiom to sample
starch present the sample changes from browny-orange colour to a dark blue-black colour

27
Q

glycogen

is the main energy storage material in

A

animals

28
Q

glycogen

pollysaccharide of which glucose

A

alphaglucose

29
Q

glycogen

how is it similar to amylopectin

A

long and branched (more branched than amylopectin)

30
Q

glycogen

how is it good for storage

A

very compact

31
Q

glycogen

the fact it has lots of branches means

A

stored glucose can be released quickly (important for energy release in animals)

32
Q

cellulose

is the major component of

A

cell walls in plants

33
Q

cellulose

is made of

A

long unbranched chains of beta glucose

when bet glucose molecules bond they form straight cellulose chains

34
Q

cellulose

cellulose chains are linked together by

A

Hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibrils

strong fibres means cellulose provides structural support for cells

BIOL 1A - biological molecules (6 decks)

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