1. Blood And Blood Cells Flashcards
1
Q
Name the 3 major functions of the blood?
A
- Communication (e.g. hormones)
- Transport
- Organism preservation
2
Q
Name at least 4 things that are transported in the blood?
A
- Gases
- Nutrients
- Metabolic waste
- Specialized chemicals (buffers, enzymes, hormones)
- Heat
- Defense agents
3
Q
What is the gross level of organism preservation?
A
Clotting factors
4
Q
What is the microscopic level of organism preservation?
A
- Phagocytosis
2. Special relationship w/ capillary endothelium, plasma proteins, interstitial fluid and lympth
5
Q
What is the molecular level of organism preservation?
A
Immunoglobulins
6
Q
Blood is more __________ than water?
A
Viscous (thicker)
7
Q
What is the normal pH of blood (including normal range)?
A
pH 7.4 (7.35 - 7.45)
8
Q
What is the blood volume of an average male?
A
5 - 6 liters
9
Q
What is the blood volume of an average female?
A
4 - 5 litres
10
Q
Blood makes up how much of our body weight (in percentage)?
A
8%
11
Q
How much plasma and how much cells make up the blood (in percentage)?
A
55% plasma and 45% cells
12
Q
Scientific name for red blood cells?
A
Erythrocytes
13
Q
Name two characteristics of erythrocytes?
A
- Biconcave discs (for optimal surface area)
- No nucleus
- Adaptive shape (for diffusion, osmolarity changes and rouleaux)
14
Q
What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?
A
120 days
15
Q
Normal haematocrit level in males?
A
47 +/- 5%
16
Q
Normal haematocrit level in females?
A
42 +/- 5%
17
Q
What do erythrocytes transport?
A
Oxygen (haemoglobin)
18
Q
How much Haemoglobin F do we have at birth?
A
~70 - 80%
19
Q
Humans get ‘adult’ haemoglobin at what age?
A
~ 6 months of age
20
Q
What is the normal range of haemoglobin for: infants?
A
14 - 20 g/100ml
21
Q
What is the normal range of haemoglobin for: males?
A
13 - 18 g/100ml
22
Q
What is the normal range of haemoglobin for: females?
A
12 - 16 g/100ml
23
Q
What is the life span of leukocytes?
A
Can be from a few hours, a few days or 1 - 3 weeks
24
Q
Name the 3 granular leukocytes?
A
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
25
What is the function of the leukocytes?
Defense and ‘garbage collection’
26
Name characteristics of neutrophils (granulocyte):
1. How much of it is in the blood?
2. What color are their granules?
3. Describe its nucleus?
1. 60 - 70%
2. Pale mauve/purple
3. Multilobed nucleus
27
Which leukocyte is most numerous?
Neutrophils
28
Which leukocyte is the first to arrive at an inflammation site?
Neutrophils
29
Which granulocyte is phagocytic?
Neutrophils
30
Name characteristics of eosinophils (granulocyte):
1. How much of it is in the blood?
2. What color are their granules?
3. Describe its nucleus?
1. 2 - 3%
2. Orange-red
3. Bilobed nucleus
31
Describe the functions of the eosinophils including:
1. The type of infections it handles?
2. It’s role in allergic reactions
1. Parasitic infections (tapeworms, roundworms, hook worms, flukes)
2. Reduces severity of allergic reactions by: combating histamines and by phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes
32
Which leukocyte (esp. granulocyte) reduces the severity of allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
33
Name characteristics of basophils (granulocyte):
1. How much of it is in the blood?
2. What color are their granules?
3. Describe its nucleus?
1. 0 - 1%
2. Dark purple granules
3. Obscure ‘S’ shaped nucleus
34
What do basophils release?
Heparin and histamine: inflammatory response and hypersensitivity(allergic) reactions
35
Lymphocytes: What are the T-Cells role in immunity?
1. Cell mediated response
| 2. Antigen processing
36
Lymphocytes: What are the B-Cells role in immunity?
Humoral/antibody mediated immunity: they become plasma cells and produce antibodies
37
Name characteristics of the monocyte (agranulocyte):
1. How much of it is in the blood?
2. Describe their granules?
3. Describe its nucleus?
1. 5% (3 - 8%)
2. Very small granules
3. Horse shoe shaped nucleus
38
Where are monocytes found in the body?
FIXED:
1. Dust cells in lungs
2. Kupffer cels in liver
WANDERING: gather at site of infection
39
What do monocytes phagocytose?
Viruses, dead cells, protozoans
40
Name characteristics of lymphocytes:
1. How much is there?
2. How much of it is actually in the blood?
3. Where are they found?
4. Describe its nucleus?
1. 20 - 25%
2. Small numbers only in blood
3. Lymph organs
4. Dark, oval to round nucleus
41
Scientific name for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
42
Name the 2 agranular leukocytes?
1. Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and natural killer cells)
| 2. Monocytes
43
Name 3 plasma proteins?
1. Albumen
2. Globulins
3. Fibrinogen
44
Name at least 3 inorganic salts found in blood plasma?
Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Cl-, HCO3-
45
Other than plasma proteins, name at least 3 other things found in blood plasma?
Electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, gases, waste products
46
Name characteristics of the plasma protein Albumins:
1. How much of it makes up all plasma proteins?
2. Where is it made?
1. 60%
| 2. In the liver
47
What is the function of the plasma protein Albumins?
Buffer and carrier protein
48
Name characteristics of the plasma protein Fibrinogen:
1. How much of it makes up all plasma proteins?
2. What is it’s function?
1. 4%
| 2. Clot framework
49
How much of Globulins makes up all plasma proteins?
36%
50
For globulins, where are alpha, beta carrier molecules made?
Liver
51
What do gamma globulins make and where is it made?
Antibodies, in plasma B cells
52
When are antibodies released?
During immune responses
53
During the recycling of haemoglobin, what is the ‘globin’ portion of haemoglobin broken down into and where is it broken down?
Broken down into amino acids and recycled, this happens in the liver or spleen.
54
During the recycling of haemoglobin, the ‘haem’ portion of the haemoglobin is split into what?
Iron and biliverdin (green pigment)
55
After the haem portion of haemoglobin is split into iron and biliverdin, how is it transferred and where is it stored?
Transported in blood attached to the transferrin protein, and it’s stored in the liver, muscle or spleen.
56
After the haem portion of haemoglobin is split into iron and biliverdin, what is iron used for in the bone marrow?
Reused for haemoglobin synthesis
57
After the haem portion of haemoglobin is split into iron and biliverdin, what is biliverdin converted to?
Bilirubin (yellow pigment)
58
Which organ secretes bilirubin and what it is secreted to?
Secreted by liver into bile
59
After bilirubin is secreted by the liver into bile, what is it converted to?
To urobilinogen then stercobilin by the bacteria of the large intestine
60
If bilirubin is reabsorbed into intestines instead of the liver, it turns into what?
A yellow pigment called urobilin then excreted in urine
61
What is tissue hypoxia, what are its symptoms and what illness can it cause?
When at a high altitude and the air has less oxygen, it causes circulatory problems and can cause Anaemia.
62
What is the kidney’s response to tissue hypoxia?
Release erythropoietin (EPO) and speed up development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes/erythrocytes.
63
What are Agglutinins (aka iso-antibodies) produced by?
B lymphocytes
64
Where are the Agglutinogens (aka iso-antigens) located?
On RBC surface
65
What are the main 2 markers in RBC?
ABO System and Rhesus System
66
Which antigens (agglutinogens) are present on these RBCs:
1. Type A?
2. Type B?
3. Type AB?
4. Type O?
1. A antigen
2. B antigen
3. A and B antigen
4. Neither A nor B antigen
67
Which antibodies (agglutinins) are present in the plasma for these blood types:
1. Type A?
2. Type B?
3. Type AB?
4. Type O?
1. Anti-B antibody
2. Anti-A antibody
3. Neither antibodies
4. Both antibodies
68
What are two characteristics of Rh agglutinogens (D antigens) of the Rhesus System?
Can be positive or negative and there are normally no anti-d iso-antibodies present
69
If a woman (who is Rh negative) is pregnant with a child who is Rh positive, which treatment would be appropriate and how would it work?
An injection of anti-Rh antibodies (called anti-Rh gamma globulin) will bind to and inactivate foetal Rh antigens
