1 - Biology and Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
Franz Gall
A
Phrenology - part of the brain responsible for a well-developed trait will expand and push the area of that skull
Behavior, intellect, personality can be linked to brain natomy
2
Q
Pierre Flourens
A
First to study functions of major brain sections
Extirpation (removal of brain sections) or ablation (deliberate damage to brain)
Found that each part had specific functions and the removal of one weakens the whole brain
3
Q
William James
A
“Founder of American psychology”
Functionalism - studied how mental processes help individuals adapt to environment
4
Q
John Dewey
A
Published paper article (1896) that would become foundation of functionalism
Believed psychology should focus on studying the whole organism as it functioned to adapt to the environment
5
Q
Paul Broca
A
Examined behavioral deficits of people with brain damage
Specific functional impairments could be linked with specific brain lesions
6
Q
Broca’s Area
A
Lesion on left side of brain responsible for speech
7
Q
Hermann von Helmholtz
A
Measured the speed of a nerve impulse and related it to reaction time
- link between behavior and underlying nervous system activity
Made psychology a quantifiable natural science
8
Q
Sir Charles Sherrington
A
Inferred existence of synapses
Thought synaptic transmission was electrical —> now we know it is mainly chemical
9
Q
Sensory neurons
A
Afferent - away from receptors, toward CNS
Brings sensory info
10
Q
Motor neurons
A
Efferent - exits spinal cord to muscles and glands
Send motor info from brain to muscles
11
Q
Interneurons
A
Found between other neurons
Mainly in the CNS linked to reflexive behavior
12
Q
Reflex arc
A
Neural circuits
Reflex “path” where you reflexively withdraw foot from nail due to spinal cord before signal gets to the brain while transferring weight to other foot
13
Q
What is the CNS
A
Brain and spinal cord
14
Q
What is the PNS
A
Peripheral - nerve tissue and fibers out of CNS including 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves
15
Q
What do efferent and afferent relate to and under which category of nerves is it under
A
Efferent - motor to muscles and glands
Afferent - sensory to brain
Somatic nervous system
16
Q
Where does somatic nervous system extend to
A
Skin, joints, muscles
17
Q
What does autonomic nervous system regulate
A
Heartbeat, respiration, digestion, body temperature
18
Q
How does the ANS control body temperature
A
Activate sweating (hot) or piloerection (cold)
19
Q
What makes up the ANS
A
Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
20
Q
Function of parasympathetic nervous system
A
Conserve energy - associated with resting/sleeping states
Reduce heart rate, constrict bronchitis, increase peristalsis (contraction of digestive smooth muscles) and exocrine secretions (digestive juices)
21
Q
Neurotransmitter responsible for parasympathetic nervous system
A
Acetylcholine
22
Q
Effects of parasympathetic nervous system (11)
A
Constrict pupils, stimulate saliva flow, constrict bronchi, slow heart rate, inhibit glucose release and adrenaline production, stimulate bile release and peristalsis and secretion, contract bladder, promotes erection of genitals
23
Q
What activates sympathetic nervous system
A
Stress
24
Q
Effects of sympathetic nervous system (10)
A
Dilate pupils, inhibit salivation, relax bronchi, accelerates heartbeat, stimulate glucose production and release, inhibit peristalsis and secretion, releases adrenaline and noradrenaline, inhibit bladder contraction, stimulates orgasm and sweating or piloerection
25
Epinephrine vs norepinephrine
Epinephrine - mainly heart (hormone)
Norepinephrine - maintain/raise blood pressure (local)
26
Function of meninges
Reabsorb cerebrospinal fluid and anchor brain in the skull
27
Dura mater
Connected to skull
28
Arachnoid mater
Fibrous, weblike
29
Pia mater
Connected to brain
30
Where is CSF made and what does it do (3)
Cells that line ventricles, nourish CNS, provides protective cushion
31
Where are the brain structures related to basic survival located
Base of the brain
32
Where are the brain structures related to more complex functioning located
Higher up the brain
33
Cerebral cortex functions
Language processing, problem solving, impulse control, long-term planning
- complex cognitive, perceptual, behavioral processes
34
What forms the brain stem
Hindbrain and midbrain - most primitive region
35
Basal ganglia function
Movement
36
Limbic system function
Emotion and memory
37
Thalamus function
Sensory relay station
38
Hypothalamus function
Hunger and thirst, emotion, homeostasis (metabolism, temperature, water balance)
39
Inferior and superior colliculi function
Sensorimotor reflexes
40
Cerebellum function
Refined motor movement - posture and balance and coordinates body movement
41
Medulla oblongata function
Breathing, heart rate, digestion, vital reflexes (vomiting, coughing)
42
Reticular formation function
Arousal and alertness
43
Pons function
Communication with brain, breathing
Above medulla, contains sensory add motor pathways between cortex and medulla
44
Combined name for diencephalon and telencephalon
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
45
Combined name for metencephalon and myelencephalon
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
46
What does the hindbrain do
Balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, general arousal processes (sleep/wake)
47
Consequence for damaged cerebellum
Slurred speech, clumsiness, loss of balance (all consequences of alcohol too)
48
Midbrain function
Receives sensory and motor information
49
Superior colliculus function
Receive visual info
50
Inferior colliculus function
Receive auditory info, reflex to loud noises
51
What region has greatest influence on human behavior
Forebrain
52
What makes diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland
53
What makes telencephalon
Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
54
Neuropsychology definition
Study of functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
55
Cortical map
Map out brain functions via electrical stimulation while patient is awake
56
EEG
Electroencephalogram - place electrodes on scalp and record electrical activity
57
rCBF
Regional cerebral blood flow - detect patterns of neural activity based on increased blood flow to different parts of the brain
58
CT/CAT
Computed tomography/computed axial tomography
X-rays taken at different angles and aligned for cross-sectional images of the tissue
59
PET
Positron emission tomography - radioactive sugar traced throughout target tissue
60
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging - magnetic field interacts with Hydrogen atoms to map out hydrogen-dense areas
61
fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Measure changes associated with blood flow (monitor neural activity)
62
What senses is the thalamus a relay station for
All but smell
63
LH normal and damaged function
Lateral hypothalamus - hunger center, triggers eating and drinking
Damage —> refuse to eat or drink
64
VMH normal and damaged function
Ventromedial hypothalamus - provides signal to stop eating
Damage - keep eating
65
Anterior hypothalamus normal and damaged function
Controls sexual behavior, regulates sleep and body temperature
Damage - no sexual activity
66
Posterior pituitary function
Site of release of hypothalamic hormone ADH - antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin
67
Pineal gland function
Biological rhythm
Secretes melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms
Receives direct signals from retina
68
Basal ganglia function
Coordinate muscle movement with into from cortex and send this info to CNS
Ensure smooth movement and steady posture
69
Extrapyramidal system
Gathers info on body position and carries info to CNS
70
Disease related to basal ganglia
Parkinson’s - resting tremor
Maybe schizophrenia, OCD
71
What makes the limbic system
Hippocampus, amygdala, septal nuclei, anterior cingulate cortex
72
Septal nuclei function
Primary pleasure center (addiction)
73
Normal and damaged amygdala function
Defense and aggression
Damage - docile, hypersexual
74
Hippocampus function
Learning and memory - makes long-term memory and distributes remote memories to cortex
Communicates through the fornix
75
Anterior cingulate cortex function
Higher order cognitive processes - impulse control, decision-making
Emotion and motivation - connects to limbic system
76
Another name for cerebral cortex
Neocortex - most recently evolved
77
Gyri and sulci
Bumps and grooves
78
Main cortexes of frontal lobe
Motor cortex and prefrontal cortex (and Broca’s area)
79
Prefrontal cortex function
Supervise and direct operations of other brain regions
Reticular formation - wake up/relax
Perception, memory (remind someone they have to do something), emotion, impulse control, long-term planning
80
Prefrontal lesion effects
Impulsive, less in control of behavior/crying
Inappropriate sexual remarks
Apathetic
81
Association area
Integrates input from diverse regions of the brain
82
Projection area
Perform rudimentary (basic) perceptual and motor tasks
83
Primary motor cortex function and location
Located on precentral gyrus (in front of central sulcus)
Initiative voluntary motor movements by sending neural impulses toward muscles
84
Cortex in parietal lobe
Somatosensory cortex
85
Somatosensory cortex function and location
Postcentral gyrus behind central sulcus
Signal for touch, pressure, temperature, pain
86
Parietal lobe function
Somatosensory input
Spatial processing and manipulation
87
What cortex is in occipital lobe
Visual cortex or striate cortex
88
What makes up the temporal lobe
Auditory cotrtex and Wernicke’s area
89
Auditory cortex function
Process sounds of speech, music, etc
90
Wernicke’s area function
Language reception and comprehension
91
Temporal lobe function
Auditory, memory processing, emotion, language
92
Contralateral
Motor neurons on one side of the brain activate movements on other side of the body
93
Ipsilateral
Communicate with same side of body (hearing)
94
How to determine dominant hemisphere
More heavily stimulated during language reception and production
95
Dominant hemisphere function
(Left) manage details - language, logic, math
96
Non dominant hemisphere function
(Right) intuition, creativity, music cognition, spatial processing
Sensitive to tone of voice, moods from visual/auditory cues
97
Neurotransmitter definition
Chemical used by neurons to send signals to other neurons
98
Agonist definition
Drug that mimics action of a neurotransmitter
99
Antagonist definition
Drugs that block the action of neurotransmitters
100
Acetylcholine function
CNS - attention and arousal (alertness)
PNS - transmit nerve impulses to muscles (voluntary)
Mainly parasympathetic but can be in sympathetic for sweat glands and ganglia)
101
How are epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine classified and why are they important
Catecholamines, monoamines, biogenic amines
Important in emotion
102
How does acetylcholine affect skeletal vs cardiac muscle vs CNS
Skeletal - excitatory
Cardiac - inhibitory
CNS - excitatory
103
Function of norepinephrine and epinephrine
Control alertness/wakefulness
Fight-or-flight
104
Effects of too much/little norepinephrine
High - anxiety/mania
Low - depression
105
Dopamine function
Smooth movements and stable posture (in basal ganglia)
106
Effects of too little/much dopamine
High - schizophrenia
Low - Parkinson’s
107
Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
Delusion, hallucination, agitation arises from too much or oversensitivity to dopamine
108
Serotonin function
Monoamine or biogenic amine
Regulating mood, sleep, eating, dreaming
109
Effects of too much/little serotonin
High - mania
Low - depression
110
GABA function
Stabilize neural activity by sending inhibitory signals
111
Function of glycine as neurotransmitter
Inhibitory by allowing Cl- to enter the cell
112
Function of glutamate as neurotransmitter
Excitatory
113
Name of peptides in neurotransmission
Neuromodulator or neuropeptide
Takes longer than neurotransmitters, last longer
114
Type of neuropeptide in the brain
Endorphin - natural painkillers
Enkaphalin
115
Endocrine system
Communication network that uses hormones (chemical)
Slower than nervous system because it has to travel in bloodstream
116
What links the endocrine and nervous system
Hypothalamus - regulates function of pituitary
117
How is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland controlled
Hypophyseal portal system
118
Anterior pituitary function
“Master”
Releases hormones that regulate endocrine glands
119
What controls the anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
120
2 parts of adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
121
Adrenal medulla function
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine for sympathetic nervous system
122
Adrenal cortex function
Produces corticosteroids (cortisol - stress)
Produces sex hormones
123
Gonad function
Sex glands - produce sex hormones in higher concentrations, increased libido
Higher testosterone —> aggression
124
One of most heritable desires
Bipolar disorder
125
Innate behavior definition
Genetically programmed, seen in all individuals regardless of environment or experience
126
Learned behaviors
Based on experience and environment
127
Adaptive value
Extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species (natural selection)
128
Family studies and limitations
Look at frequency of a trait in a family compared to general population
Limit - can’t distinguish shared environmental vs genetic factors
129
Twin studies and benefits
Compare consistency of rates between MZ and DZ twins
Benefit - thought to reflect hereditary factors, measure genetic effects relative to environmental effects
130
Adoption studies
Compare similarities between children who were adopted and their adoptive parents relative to similarities with their biological parents
131
Critical period
Specific periods where children are particularly susceptible to environmental factors
132
Neurulation
Ectoderm over notochord furrows forming neural groove surrounded by neural folds
133
Cells at the ends of the neural fold
Neural crest
134
What does the neural crest form
Tissues - dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, calcitonin-producing cells of thyroid
Neural tube
135
What happens to the neural tube
Alar plate - differentiates into sensory neurons
Basal plate - differentiates info motor neurons
Folds in on itself to form swellings that become the -cephalon
136
Diseases that can impact fetus
Rubella (German measles) which causes cataracts, deafness, heart defects, intellectual disability
Measles, mumps, hepatitis, influenza, varicella, herpes
137
Thalidomide
Missing and malformed limbs
Defects in eyes, ears, heart, digestive tract, kidneys
138
Anti-epileptic medication side effects
Neural tube defects
Spinal bifida - not fully closed (bulges out)
Anencephaly - under-developed brain and skull
139
Leading cause of abnormal development
Maternal malnutrition
140
(Maternal) protein deficiency consequences
Slow growth, can form intellectual disability, immunity decreased
141
(Maternal) use of narcotics
Withdrawal (fetus), increase heart rate, likely to be premature, slow growth
142
(Maternal) alcohol use
Slow growth
143
(Maternal) radiation (x-ray)
Decrease intellectual, skull, spinal eye, limb development, cleft palate
144
Reflex definition
Response to a stimulus without higher cognitive input
145
Name for infant reflexes
Primitive reflexes
146
Primitive reflexes
Rooting reflex - turning head toward stimulus if something touches cheek
Moro reflex - fling out all limbs during to dropping motion, cry
Babinski reflex - toes spread apart when sole is stimulated
Grasping reflex - close their hands when a stimulus touches hand
147
How long does Moro reflex typically last? What implications are there if it goes past?
4 months, after one year it can imply developmental difficulties
Asymmetrical actions can imply neuromuscular problems
148
How are motor skills broken down?
Gross - whole body motion (sitting, walking, crawling)
Fine - small muscles of fingers, toes, eyes (drawing, tracking, catching, waving)
149
Stranger anxiety
Fear and apprehension of unfamiliar individuals (develops at about 7 months)
150
Separation anxiety
Fear of being separated from parent (develops at about 12 months)
151
Parallel play
Children play alongside each other without influencing the other’s behavior
152
What feeling develops at 5 years
Conformity to peers, romantic feelings
153
What happens 6-12 years of age
Friends are usually same gender without romantic feelings
154
What happens in teenage years
Rebel due to desire of being independent
Friends between genders
Aware of gender identity and sexual orientation
155
Abilities/behaviors expected to emerge at specific times
Developmental milestones
156
How do gross motor skills develop
Head to toe - lift head, stabilize trunk, walk
157
How do fine motor skills develop
Core to extremities - wave before write
158
How do social skills change
Parent-oriented —> self-oriented —> other-oriented
