1 Behavioral Science Flashcards
Type of study that looks at people with disease and people without disease (maybe compare their prior exposures)
What measure to use?
Case control
Odds ratio ad/bc
Type of study that looks at a group of people and whether or not they have a disease.
What type of measure?
Cross-sectional study
Prevalence
Compares a group with exposure to a group without exposure.
What measure to use?
cohort study
Relative risk a/(a+b) / c/(c+d)
Describe a study in phase I trial
small number of healthy volunteers
Describe a study in phase II trial
small number of patients with disease of interest
Describe a study in phase III trial
large number of patients randomly assigned to treatment or placebo
Describe a study in phase IV trial
postmarketing surveillance
equation for relative risk reduction
1-RR
equation for attributable risk
a/a+b - c/c+d
equation for absolute risk reduction
% people sick with placebo - % people sick with drug
number needed to treat equation
1/ARR
number needed to harm equation
1/AR
People acting differently when they know they’re being watched
Hawthorne effect
early detection is confused with increased survival is called
lead time bias
a study looking only at inpatients
Berkson bias
studying populations that are healthier than the normal population
Healthy worker and volunteer bias
equation for standard error of the mean
SD/(n^.5)
Who benefits from Medicaid
the poor
concept of respecting patients as individuals, giving them the ability to choose with informed consent, and to honor their preference
patient autonomy
concept of acting in the patient’s best interest even if it clashes with autonomy or what is best for society
beneficence
concept of do no harm, even if it clashes with what the patient wants sometimes
nonmaleficence
treating all persons fairly and equally
justice
