1. Basics and motivation Flashcards by Ignatius Ferreira

What is IoT?

IoT stands for the internet of things. It allows us to connect appliances like lamps, lights etc to the internet with the ability of exchanging or interacting with people and other smart objects. The data collected from these smart devices can be used to create insight for businesses, automate processes, enable new services, and ultimately enhance the quality of life.

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When did the development of internet phases begin?

In the 1990s

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IoT vs M2M. What are the two?

M2M or machine-to-machine don’t require an internet connection, they can connect directly to other devices that use the same protocols (point-to-point). M2M is also hardware based and has less data.
IoT is scalable and supports almost any device with an active internet connection. IoT is software based and has a lot more data.

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What does a IoT ecosystem consist of?

Things, people, data, process

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What characteristics is necessary for a “thing” to be classified as a smart device?

Sensors, communication (Wifi, ZigBee, Bluetooth), power source and a processing unit.

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What is the data in the IoT ecosystem?

It is information collected by the sensors of IoT devices, as well as commands issued to the smart object or actuator.

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What is the people in the IoT ecosystem?

We develop, operate and benefit from IoT networks. The data collected by IoT devices are interperated by people.

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What is the process in the IoT ecosystem?

The data collected and analyzed by IoT devices can be used to optimize industrial processes, making them more efficient and intelligent.

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What is the IoT value chain?

It consists of : Hardware, connectivity, platform and application.

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What is the hardware.

The hardware or smart item block consists of sensors and actuators that capture and act upon data and communication hardware.

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What is the Connectivity?

It is a network that delivers captured data to the backend.

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What is the platform?

Its the central backbone of the IoT and fills the gap between hardware and applications.

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What does API and SDK stand for?

API : Application Programming Interfaces
SDK : Software Development Kits

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What is the application?

The system integrators are developers who design and manage IoT applications specific to almost every industry and vertical. Salesforce is an example of an IoT application developed to offer customer relationship management (CRM) applications and automation software. It typically has the highest value in the IoT value chain.

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IoT taxonomy and benefits.
What are verticals?

Specific industry segments with unique regulatory bodies, supports and standards.

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What are use cases?

They belong to a specific industry segment. Smart irrigation and product monitoring IoT use cases in the agriculture vertical can increase crop productivity.

What are the benefits of IoT in industry segments.

Efficiency
Transparency
automation and accuracy
safety and responsiveness

What are the challenges of IoT?

Scalability, interoperability, security, privacy, big data and analytics, legal, limited resources and human resistance.

What does IPv4 stand for?

internet protocol version 4

What does NAT stand for?

Network address translation.

What does LPWAN stand for?

Low-power wide area networks

What do HTTP, URL, URI, and HTML stand for, and what are they used for?

Hypertext transfer protocol governs data exchange between web servers and web clients.
Uniform resource location or uniform resource identifier is used as the web address to access a resource on the internet.
HyperText Markup Language is the standard language for creating and publishing web documents and displaying them in a web browser.

Who first developed the internet and in what year?

Timothy Berners-Lee in 1989

Explain Web 1.0 to Web 4.0.

Web 1.0 (syntactic web) was information-centered and static.
Web 2.0 was people-focused and enabled human interaction through social media platforms.
Web 3.0 (semantic web) was machine-centered and allowed machines to read and understand data shared between services and applications.
Web 4.0 (symbiotic web) is agent-centered (AI) and allows for human-machine symbiotic interactions to realize a connected world.

Name the characteristics and limitations of Web 1.0.

Characteristics : Content is read only, Information is available to anyone at anytime and static webpages are published via HTML. Limitations : No machine compatible content (for humans only), content on the webpage is updated and managed by the webmaster only and dynamic representation is not possible.

Name the characteristics and limitations of Web 2.0.

Characteristics: The platform is web-based, Software and businesses can be "architected", and it facilitates social networking and collective knowledge production. Limitations: The iteration cycle of changes is constant, ethical issues arise, and interconnectivity between platforms is limited.

Name the characteristics and limitations of Web 3.0.

Characteristics: Software as a service (SAAS) business model, open source software platform, distributed database, and intelligent web. Limitations: Lack of ability to eliminate semantically duplicated terms, vague user queries, inconsistencies arise when combining various sources, and the content producer can deceive the consumer.

Name the characteristics and limitations of Web 4.0.

Web 4.0 services are proactive, autonomous, collaborative, and self-learning.

What is URI/Internationalized resource identifier IRI?

Naming of resource.

What is extensible markup language XML?

markup language for representing hierarchically structured data in the format of a text file that can be read by both humans and machines

What is resource description framework RDF?

model for formulating logical statements about arbitrary things (resources), which is based on directed graphs. Logical statements are triples – which consist of subject, predicate, and object – and relate subject and object via the predicate.

What is ontology?

vocabulary for a specific area of knowledge that describes terms or classes that can be related to each other. They can be arranged in a term or class hierarchy with superclass and subclass. Instances can be created as objects of previously defined terms/classes (e.g., Berlin as an instance of the class city). Ontologies contain inference and integrity rules (i.e., rules for making inferences and guaranteeing their validity) and enable the derivation of new knowledge (new propositions) from existing knowledge by logical reasoning (inference).

What is logic?

formalization of arguments (statements) with the aim of checking the arguments (statements) for their validity. Usually, the first-order predicate logic is used, which is based on the propositional logic.

What is proof?

verification of the automatic conclusions established in the logic layer by searching the web for rules and ontologies until the above conclusions can either be confirmed or disproved using a heuristic engine

What is trust?

use of digital signatures in order to determine whether the proof should be trusted or not