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MSK > 1 Basic Concepts > Flashcards

1 Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major components with a similar developmental origin?

A

Bone
Skeletal muscle
Connective tissues

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2
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A 
Support
Protection
Metabolic (Ca, P)
Storage (fat)
Movement
Haematoopoeisis
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3
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A 
Locomotion
Posture
Metabolic (store glycogen)
Venous return
Heat production
Continence
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4
Q

What are tendons?

A

Contain lots of collagen, little elastin
Don’t stretch much
Connect muscle to bone

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5
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Support bone to bone

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6
Q

What are fascia?

A

Sheets of connective tissue
Used for compartmentalisation of muscle
Protection
Superficial fascia fatty

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7
Q

What is the role of articular cartilage in bone?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Slippery to decrease friction
Blue/grey

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8
Q

What is the role of fibrocartilage in bone?

A

Shock absorption
Increase bone congruity
Stronger than articular
Found in knee

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9
Q

What is the role of the synovial membrane?

A

Secretes synovial fluid for joint and tendon lubrication

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10
Q

What is the bursa?

A

Synovial fluid-filled sacs to protect tendons, ligaments etc from friction

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11
Q

Why is CaPO4 present in ECM of bone/connective tissue?

A

Calcified
Gives bone strength
Contributing to compressive strength

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12
Q

What is the role of collagen in ECM of bone?

A

Gives high tensile strength

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13
Q

What are the roles of osteoblasts?

A

Build bone

Lay down osteoid

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14
Q

What are the roles of osteoclasts?

A

‘Macrophage’ of bone
Dissolve away bone to liberate Ca2+
Multinucleated

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15
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Trapped osteoblast in bone

Detect force owing through bone

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16
Q

What are the 5 types of bone?

A 
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
Sesamoid bone
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17
Q

What are long bones for?

A

Good lever

18
Q

What are flat bones for?

A

Protection

19
Q

What are short bones for?

A

Work together to perform task

With many together, gives points of attachment for ligaments and tendons

20
Q

What are sesamoid bones for?

A

Form within tendons to protect tendons

21
Q

What are bony prominences for?

A

Muscle attachments

Size indicates what kind of muscle attaches, whether it’s powerful or not

22
Q

What are the 5 surface features of bones?

A

Bony prominence
Grooves - related to nerves
Fossa - depressions for bone prominence to sit
Notch - for nerves
Foramen - holes for nerves and blood vessels

23
Q

What is avascular necrosis?

A

Bone dies due to deprivation of blood supply, particularly important in fractures of the scaphoid and neck of femur

24
Q

What are the 2 important things to consider with joints?

A

Range of movement

Stability

25
Q

What are the 3 classes of joints?

A

Fibrous - move least
Cartilaginous
Synovial - move most

26
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Collagen fibres joining bones
Very limited mobility
Found where great strength/stability are required

27
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

Cartilage acts as glue holding bones together
Limited mobility
Found at ends of growing bones or along midline of adult body (intervertebral discs)

28
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Separate bones are capped by smooth articular cartilage with a thin film of synovial fluid separating them
Frequently highly mobile
Found all over skeleton

29
Q

What are the types of synovial joint?

A 
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Condyloid
Ball and socket
30
Q

How do synovial joints develop?

A

Bone is made from a cartilage template, surrounded by perichondrium
Some cartilage cells die off and create a space between 2 bones
Incomplete apoptosis occurs so ligaments are formed across the gap
Perichondrium is a continuation of the periosteum which goes around the joint

31
Q

What are the 3 classes of levers?

A 
First-class lever - lifting chin up, scissor motion
Second-class lever - standing on tip toes, wheelbarrow motion
Third-class lever - holding object in hand and bringing towards body, tweezer motion
32
Q

What is the origin?

A

Usually the stationary proximal anchor point

33
Q

What is the insertion?

A

Usually the mobile distal attachment point

34
Q

What happens if the insertion point is fixed?

A

Origin and insertion are inverted

35
Q

Can muscles pull or push?

A

PULL ONLY

But don’t always shorten

36
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Muscle pulls while shortening

E.g. biceps curl

37
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle pulls while lengthening

E.g. knee extensors walking downhill

38
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Muscle pulls while staying same length

39
Q

Where are muscles found?

A

Within fascial compartments

Compartments have one nerve and blood vessel suppling the whole muscle

40
Q

What are the 5 types of muscles?

A 
Parallel - lengthen lots, not powerful 
Fusiform - more muscle fibres
Circular (sphincter)
Triangular - diversity in action
Pennate (feather shaped) - don’t shorten much, very powerful
41
Q

What causes skin creases?

A

Adhesion of skin to underlying fascia

42
Q

What is the aponeurosis?

A

Tissue that slides over underlying tissues
Rich in collagen
E.g. on scalp

MSK (4 decks)

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