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2. MCBG > 1. Basic Cell Structure > Flashcards

1. Basic Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Nucleus (2)

A
  1. Contains genetic information (23 chromosomes)

2. Transcription (RNA synthesis)

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2
Q

What are the functions of the plasmalemma/plasma membrane? (4)

A
  1. Selective permeability
  2. Endo/excocytosis
  3. Transport of material along cell surface
  4. Signal transduction
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3
Q

Function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? (1)

A

(Translation) Synthesis of proteins for export, membrane insertion and lysosome/peroxisome

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4
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (2)

A
  1. Synthesis of lipids (for liver, mammary gland)

2. Synthesis of steroids (ovary, testes, adrenal gland)

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5
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Sorting, concentrating, modifying and packaging of proteins and lipids that have come from the ER
  2. … destined for secretion, insertion into membrane or lysosome.
  3. Proteins move through from cis face to trans face
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6
Q

What is the function (and the main function) of the inner membrane of the mitochondria? (2)

A
  1. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

2. production of ATP and heat (thermogenin).

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7
Q

What is the function of the intermembrane space? (2)

A
  1. Acidic

2. allows ATP synthesis to occur

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8
Q

What is the function of the matrix in the mitochondria?

A
  1. Krebbs cycle for metabolism

2. Contains mitochondrial DNA

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9
Q

How does the mitochondria divide? (3)

A
  1. Binary Fission - Like a prokaryote would
  2. Circular genetic DNA replicates
  3. Then cell splits

Note- independent to rest of cell due to endosymbiosis

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10
Q

What colour are tissues that have lots of mitochondria in them and why? (2)

A
  1. Brown

2. Because mitochondria have a brown tinge

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11
Q

What is endosymbiosis ?

A
  1. Evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms.
  2. Prokaryotic cell engulfed another
  3. Both cells benefited and now live harmoniously :)
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12
Q

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

A
  1. Female lineage

I.e only from mother not father!

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13
Q

What is the function of the peroxisome?

A

Detoxification of harmful chemicals in the liver and kidneys

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14
Q

What is the function of the primary and secondary lysosome? (3)

A
  1. Primary - just been formed by the golgi
  2. Secondary - have joined with whatever they are engulfing
  3. Contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of harmful pathogens/unwanted proteins
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15
Q

Name some hydrolytic enzymes (7)

A
  1. Nucleases
  2. Proteases
  3. Glycosidases
  4. Lipases
  5. Phosphatases
  6. Sulfatases
  7. Phospholipases
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16
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Assembly of ribosomes from rRNA and proteins

17
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

Double membrane containing pores for entry and exit of proteins and RNA

18
Q

What is the function of secretory vesicleS?

A

Membrane bound sacs for transport

19
Q

What does the cytoskeleton consist of and what are their relative functions? (3)

A
  1. Microfilaments (actin) at periphery of cell control cell morphology and movement
  2. Intermediate filaments (keratin) form a supportive mesh work in cytoplasm (abundant in skin epithelial cell)
  3. Microtubules are long hollow cylinders made of protein tubulin. Found at sites where structures are moved e.g. Cilia, flagella
20
Q

Describe the structure of a microtubule in a cilium or flagellum.

A
  1. Cross section is circular
  2. 9+2 arrangement - 9 fused pairs of microtubules (doublet) on outside of cylinder, and 2 unfused in the centre
  3. Dynein arms attach to microtubules and act as molecular motors (movement)
21
Q

Explain briefly why a phospholipid molecules is amphipatic (2)

A
  1. Has a hydrophilic head (water loving) - choline, phosphate, glycerol
  2. Has a hydrophobic tail (water hating) - fatty acid chain
22
Q

What is the glycocalyx made of, where is it positioned and what is its function?

A
  1. Oligosaccharide/polysaccharide side chains
  2. External of plasma membrane
  3. Signalling and adhesion functions
23
Q

What is the difference between cytoplasm and cytosol?

A

Cytoplasm is everything contained within the plasma membrane except the nucleus

Cytosol is just the fluid surrounding the nucleus and the organelles

24
Q

What is the difference between a lysosomes and peroxisome on a TEM?

A

Peroxisomes are darker

25
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

Eu - 80S - 60S + 40S

Pro - 70S - 50S + 30S

26
Q

Name a few differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (6)

A
  1. Eu compartmentalised by internal membranes
  2. Pro - free circular DNA called nucleoid, eu - nucleus membrane bound
  3. Pro - cell wall (peptidoglycan) + plasma membrane, eu - just plasma membrane
  4. Pro - capsule - allows easier entry into cells
  5. Pro - pili - allows attachment
  6. Pro - 70s ribosomes, eu - 80s ribosomes
27
Q

If you were making a drug for a prokaryote, what would you target so that our eukaryotic cells weren’t harmed? (2)

A
  1. Cell wall of prokaryote

2. 70S ribosome

2. MCBG (18 decks)

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