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Cadaver Anatomy > 1- Back > Flashcards

1- Back Flashcards

1
Q

7What are the 3 parts of Trapezius?

A

1- Superior or Descending

2- Middle or Transverse

3- Inferior or Ascending

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2
Q

What are the attachments of the Superior/Descending, Middle/Transverse, and Inferior/Ascending?

A

Superior/Descending:

External Occipital Protuberance, Medial 1/3 of Superior Nuchal Line, Ligamentum Nuchae, Clavicle lateral 1/3, and Spinous process of C1-C7

Middle/Transverse:

Acromion, Aponeurosis of T1-T4 spinous process

Inferior/Ascending:

Spinous process of T5-T12, Scapular Spine

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3
Q

What is the Trapezius Innervated by?

A

Accessory Nerve CN XI

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4
Q

What is the action of the Descending part of Trapezius?

A

Elevate and *rotate the Scapula

Ipsilateral sidebend of the head and Contralateral rotation of the head.

slightly extends the neck

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5
Q

What is the action of the Transverse/Middle Trapezius?

A

Adducts the Scapular

aka

Retraction

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6
Q

What is the action of the Inferior/Ascending Trapezius?

A

Medially Depresses and Rotates the Scapula.

also stabalizes the Scapula in the Thorax.

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7
Q

What are the Attachments for Levator Scapulae?

A

Transverse Process of C1-C4 and Supeior angle of Scapula

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8
Q

What innervates the Levator Scapula?

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

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9
Q

What sort of muscular shaping is the 3 portions of the Trapezius?

A

Convergent

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10
Q

What is the physical attachment of Nerves and the Muscle fiber called?

A

Nuero-muscular junction

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11
Q

Where is ths Latissimus Dorsi oriented?

A

Superior Portion is found just deep to the Trapezius

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12
Q

Is the Latissimus Dorsi Extrinsic/Intrinsic?

A

Extrinsic

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13
Q

What are the attachments of Latissimus Dorsi?

A

1- Spinous process of T7-T12 into THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA into lesser tuberosity of the humerus

2- Inferior angle of scapula into the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

3- Ribs 9-12 into the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

4- Posterior 1/3 of the Iliac crest into the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

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14
Q

What innervates the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal Nerve

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15
Q

What are the actions of the Latissimus Dorsi?

A

Internal rotation of the Humerus

Adduction o fthe UE

Extending the UE

small trunk extension

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16
Q

The Anterior Aponeurosis that originates from the abdominal area wraps around and connects with what inferior portion of the Latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoraco-lumbar fascia

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17
Q

What is an Aponeurosis?

A

Broad flattened tendon

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18
Q

Is the Rhomboid Major Extrinsic/Intrinsic?

A

Extrinsic

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19
Q

What are the attachments of the Rhomboid Major?

A

T2-T5 to Inferior to the root of the Scapular Spine, medially.

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20
Q

What are all these Superficial back muscles (Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Levator scapula) innervated by?

A

Dorsal Scapular Nerve C3-C5

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21
Q

The Rhomboid Major and Rhomboid Minor doesn’t move the cervical spine. However what is it’s primary function?

A

Steadies the scapula

Primary is Retraction

Downward rotation of the scapula

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22
Q

All Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, Levator scapula are extrinsic/intrinsic?

A

Extrinsic

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23
Q

What are the attachments for Rhomboid Minor?

A

C7-T1 to the medial border of the scapula at the root of the scapula. Rhomboid minor is the only muscle attached there.

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24
Q

What are the attachments of Levator Scapula?

A

Transverse Processes of C1-C4

into

Superior of the Root of the scapula medially

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25
Q

What are the function of Levator scapula?

A

Elevate the medial portion of the scapula

Downward rotation of the shoulder

Bilaterally causes back extension

Ipsilaterally causes rotation and side bending

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26
Q

What does the Levator scapula prevent?

A

Anterior Shear of the certical vertebra.

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27
Q

Levator scapula gets overworked when the head is in a protruding posture, there for to stretch it how is it done?

A

Look down and away contrilaterally.

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28
Q

What is the Triangle of Auscultation? and what is it’s clinical relevance?

A

Rhomboid major

Lower Trapezius

Latissimus Dorsi

where it is the easiest for posterior lung sound due to the thinness of muscles here

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29
Q

Where is the Serratus Posterior Superior oriented?

A

Just deep to Rhomboids

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30
Q

What are the attachments of Serratus Posterior Superior?

A

Spinous Process of C7-T3

to

Ribs 2-4

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31
Q

Where is Serratus Posterior Inferior oriented?

A

Just deep to Latissimus Dorsi

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32
Q

What are the attachments of Serratus Posterior Inferior?

A

Spinous process of T11-L2

to

Ribs 8-12

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33
Q

Both Serratus Posterior Inferior and Superior is Intrinsic/Extrinsic.

A

Extrinsic

lungs to ribs to back

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34
Q

What is the innervation of Serratus Posterior Inferior and Superior?

A

Intercostal nerves (ANTERIOR rami of thoracic region)

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35
Q

What is the function of Serratus Posterior Inf/Sup?

A

Provides more proprioception and

Serratus post inf= pulls down the ribs

Serratus post sup= pulls up the ribs

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36
Q

Since both Serratus Posterior Inf/Sup are very thing where would they most likely be seen?

A

They are attached to the muscles superficial to them

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37
Q

What is the innervation to all Deep posterial muscles if they are intrinsic?

A

All deep Intrinsic muscles are innervated by Dorsal rami

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38
Q

Where is Erector Spinae oriented?

A

Just deep to Serratus Posterior Inferior

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39
Q

There are three layers of Deep Back Muscles. What are they Superficial to Deep?

A

Splenius Muscle Group

Erector Spinae

Transversospinal Muscle Group

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40
Q

All Erector Spinae muscles are Extrinsic/Intrisic

A

Intrinsic

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41
Q

What is the only Erector Spinae muscle found in the Lumbar region?

A

Iliocostalis

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42
Q

What is the longest portion of the Erector Spinae Muscle group?

A

Longissimus

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43
Q

Where is Iliocostalis of the Erector Spinae oriented?

A

It is the most lateral and the only Erector spinae muscle found in the Lumbar region

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44
Q

What is the orientation of Longissimus?

A

Intermediate in between Iliocostalis and Spinalis.

Projects from Thoracic region

to

Capital region

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45
Q

What is the orientation of Spinalis?

A

most medial

Projects from Thoracic region

to

Capital region

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46
Q

Where is the Erector Spinae’s Aponeurosis oriented?

A

Erector spinae’s aponeurosis is deep to Thoracolumnar Aponeurosis

47
Q

Name the three segments of the Iliocastalis?

A

1- Iliocostalis Lumborum

2- Iliocostalis Thoracis

3- Iliocostalis Cervicis

48
Q

Which Erector Spinae muscle segment is the only segment to begin in the Lumbar region?

A

Iliocostalis

bc they are the only segment to have Lumborum

hence Iliocostalis Lumborum

49
Q

What is the main function of all Erector Spinae muscles?

A

Bilateral contraction= extension of the trunk

Unilateral contraction= ipsilateral lateral flexion

50
Q

What slight and unique motion is Iliocostalis capable of?

A

Iliocostalis is capable of slight ipsilateral rotation

due to its most lateral flexible nature

51
Q

Name the three segments of Longissimus.

A

1- Longissimus Thoracis

2- Longissimus Cervicis

3- Longissimus Capitus

52
Q

Name the three segments of Spinalis.

A

1- Spinalis Thoracis

2- Spinalis Cervicis

3- Spinalis Capitus

53
Q

What is the general attachment sites of Iliocostalis?

A

Runs superiorly toward ribs and the cervical transverse processes

54
Q

What is the general attachment of Longissimus?

A

Runs superiorly to ribs between tubercles and angles

transverse processes in cervical region

to mastoid process

55
Q

What is the general attachment of Spinalis?

A

Runs superiorly along spinous process of thoracic and cervical region

to the cranium

56
Q

Where is Splenius Cervicis oriented?

A

Found deep to the upper Trapezius

57
Q

Where is the Splenius Capitis oriented?

A

Found deep to the upper Trapezius

58
Q

Splenius Capitis/Cervicis are both Intrinsic/Extrinsic?

A

Instrinsic therefore are innervated by Dorsal Rami

59
Q

What is Splenius Cervicis/Capitus innervated by?

A

Dorsal Rami due to being an Intrinsic back muscle

60
Q

What are the attachment sites for Splenius Cervicis/Capitis?

A

C7-T3 spinous process

transverse processes of cervical vertebra

superior nuchal line

mastoid process

61
Q

What are the actions of Splenius Capitus/Cervicis?

A

unilateral contraction= Ipsilateral rotation

unilateral contraction= Ipsilateral lateral flexion

bilateral contraction= cervical extension

62
Q

What is the Orientation of Multifidus?

A

Found deep to Erector spinae running the ENTIRE length of the spine.

running down in the Laminal Groove (space in between the spinous process and transverse process)

63
Q

What is the Laminal groove and what muscle is found in there?

A

The space in between spinous process and transverse process

Multifidus

64
Q

Multifidus is Intrinsic/Extrinsic

A

Instrinsic therefore is innervated by dorsal rami

65
Q

Where is the Multifidus much more thicker and well developed?

A

in the Lumbosacral region

it runs more vertical and is much thicker

attaching to the Mammillary processes o fthe lumbar vertebrae

66
Q

What is the reason for a thicker Multifidus that attaches to the Mammillary process in the lumbar vertebrae?

A

to prevent Anterior Shearing that occurs naturally due to Lumbar Lordosis

67
Q

What are the attachment sites for Multifidus?

A

runs from transverse process to spinous process

spanning 2-4 segments

68
Q

What are the actions of Multifidus?

A

Unilateral contraction= contralateral rotation

Unilateral contraction= ipsilateral lateral flexion

BIlateral contraction= trunk extension

69
Q

What two muscles are key for core strength?

A

Multifidus and TA

70
Q

Chronic back pain will mess up what two muscles?

how is that evident in a cadaver or patient?

A

TA and Multifidus therefore in cadaver or patient these two muscles will seem more fatty and or yellow with more adipose tissues

71
Q

What is the Orientation of Rotatores?

A

Found just deep to the Multifidus, therefore to see it in a cadaver you must first remove multifidus

72
Q

What are the two types of Rotatores? and what makes them different?

A

Rotatores Brevis- runs from transverse process to spinous process spanning only 1 segment

Rotatores Longus- spans 2 segments

73
Q

What is the innervation of Rotatores?

A

Dorsal Rami due to Intrinsic back muscle

74
Q

What are the actions of Rotatores?

A

same as Multifidus

Unilateral contraction= contralateral rotation

Unilateral contraction= ipsilateral lateral flexion

BIlateral contraction= trunk extension

75
Q

What are the three types of Semisplinalis muscles?

A

1- Semisplinalis thoracis

2- Semisplinalis cervicis

3- Semisplinalis capitus

76
Q

Which Semispinalis is easiest to see?

A

Right under the Splenalis Cervicis/Capitus

is the Semisplinalis Capitus

77
Q

What is the orientation of all Semispinalis muscles?

A

Found deep to the Splenius muscles

78
Q

What innervates all Semispinalis muscles?

A

Dorsal rami due to it being an Intrinsic back muscle

79
Q

What are the the attachment sites of Semispinalis muscles?

A

Runs from C4-T12 transverse processes to spinous processes

spanning 4-6 segments

80
Q

The semispinalis muscles are very vertical in orientation what does that mean in function?

A

It will be purely for extension especially the Cervical extension

81
Q

What nerve travels through semispinalis mucles and what pathalogical results can occur due to muscle issues?

A

Greater occipital nerve C2

cause headaches which radiate from posterior neck to anterior head.

therefore when the head is extended/protruded it can pinch the C2 nerve causing headaches

82
Q

What is the orientation of Levator Costarum?

A

Just lateral to Multifidus/ Lamiillar groove

83
Q

What is the innervation of Levator Costarum?

A

is Intrinsic back muscle therefor is inneravted by Dorsal rami

84
Q

What are the two types of Levator costarum,

and what are the attachments of those Levator Costarum?

A

Levator costarum brevis- runs from rib to transverse process 1 segment

Levator costarum longus- runs from rib to transverse process 2 segments

85
Q

What is the action of Levator costarum?

A

Elevates the ribs of only the Thoracic region

86
Q

What is the orientation of Quadratus lumborum and a very important fact about it’s positioning?

A

found lateral to Multifidus and is the most Posterior boudnary of the Abdominal wall.

It is not a muscle of the Back!!!

87
Q

Since the Quadratus lumborum isn’t part of the back muscle what is it really innervated by?

A

Ventral rami of T12-L4

88
Q

What is the attachments of Quadratus Lumborum?

A

12th rib to transverse processes of L1-L5

and to it’s most inferior attachment site: Iliac crest most inferiorly

89
Q

What are the action Quadratus Lumborum (4)?

A

Unilateral contraction= ipsilateral lateral flexion

Unilateral contraction= epsilateral elevation of the pelvis

NO flex/ext because it is perfectly in the coronal plane

moves the 12th rib therefore involved in respiration

90
Q

What is Interspinalis and Intertransversarii muscles?

A

Interspinalis- is the muscle intermingled with interspinous ligaments found in btwen spinous processes vertically

Intertransversarii- is the muscle intermingled with intertransverse ligaments found in btwen transverse processes vertically

91
Q

Where are the Suboccipital muscles located?

A

located deep to semispinalisin between C2 and Occiput

92
Q

What innervates all subocciptial muscles?

A

suboccipital nerve aka C1 dorsal rami

93
Q

Name all four muscles of the suboccipital muscle gourp.

A

Rectus capitus posterior minor

Rectus capittus posterior major

Supeior oblique

Inferior oblique

94
Q

What is the attachments for Rectus capitus posterior minor

A

Posterior tubercle of C1 to inferior nuchal line

95
Q

What are the attachments for Rectus capitus posterior major?

A

Spinous process of C2 to inferior nuchal line

96
Q

What is the orientation relation between Rectus capitus posterior minor and Rectus capitus posterior major?

A

Rectus capitus posterior major is lateral to Rectus capitus posterior minor

97
Q

What is the general orientation of all suboccipital muscles?

A

between occipital bone and spinous process of C2

98
Q

What are the attachments of Superior oblique muscle?

A

Transverse process of C1 to occiput (between superior and inferior nuchal lines)

99
Q

What are the attachments of Inferior oblique?

A

Spinous process of C2 to transverse process of C1

100
Q

What are the bilateral and unilateral contractions produce in the suboccipital muscles?

A

Bilateral= capital extension aka Little yes nod

Unilateral= isilateral rotation

101
Q

What position causes the suboccipital muscles to spaz?

A

constant head protrusion

102
Q

What are the three boundaries of the Suboccipital triangle?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major (medially)

Superior oblique (laterally)

Inferior oblique (inferiorly)

103
Q

What goes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae in the suboccipital triangle?

A

Suboccipital nerve

and

Vertebral artery

104
Q

Where is the Dorsal root oriented, what sort of information does it carry, and where is the cell bodies located of the dorsal root?

A
  • articulates with the dorsal horn
  • carries sensory information
  • cell body is located in the dorsal root ganglion
105
Q

Where is the Ventral root oriented, what sort of information does it carry, and where is the cell bodies located of the dorsal root?

A
  • articualtes with the ventral horn
  • carries motor information
  • cell body is located in the ventral horn
106
Q

When the dorsal and ventral root converge what does it form?

A

spinal nerve root

107
Q

what does the spinal nerve root emerge from?

A

via the Intervertebral foramen

108
Q

What does the spinal nerve root split into?

A

dorsal and ventral rami which carry both motor and sensory information

109
Q

What does the ventral rami innervate in general?

A

Anterior aspect of the trunt, UE, LE, and sensation of the anterior skin

110
Q

What does the dorsal rami innervate in gneneral?

A

Innervates intrinsic muscles of the back and sensation of the dorsal skin

111
Q

How are the vertebrae and spinal nerve oriented from C1-T2 vertebrae?

A

C1 Sp Nerve

C1 Vert

C2 Sp Nerve

C2 Vert

…

C7 Sp Nerve

C7 Vert

C8 Sp Nerve

T1 Vert

T1 Sp Nerve

T2 Vert

112
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue layers of meninges? superior to deep.

A

Dura Mater

Arachnoid mater (won’t be visible, collapses into pia mater)

Pia mater.

113
Q

What level does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L1-L2

114
Q

What is the tapering of the spinal cord at L1-L2 known as?

what was noted about this location in class?

A

Conus Medularis

in a fetus the spinal cord will run the whole length of the vertebral column, but as we grow it will grow slwoer than the vertebral column therefore it will not be the entire length as an adult hence Conus Medularis

Cadaver Anatomy (1 decks)

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